Table 4.
Pain definition, intensity and characteristics of included studies
| Study | Physical examination | Low back paina | Pain presence in years (SD) | Pain present at time of trial (n) | Pain intensity evaluation (pre-trial) | Score (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luoto et al. [20] | Yes | Chronic | – | Yes (99/99) | VAS | Unclear |
| Mientjes and Frank [21] | – | Chronic | 10.9 | Yes (8/8) | VAS | 2.6 |
| Kuukkanen and Malkia [22] | Yes | Subacute | 10 (8.4) | Yes (58/58) | – | – |
| Hamaoui et al. [23] | – | Chronic | – | Yes (10/10) | – | – |
| Grimstone and Hodges [24] | – | Chronic | 3.54 | Yes (10/10) | VAS | <2 |
| Brumagne et al. [25] | – | – | – | Unclear | – | – |
| Hamaoui et al. [26] | Yes | Chronic | – | Yes (10/10) | – | – |
| Mok et al. [27] | – | Chronic | 10.5 (8) | Yes (24/24) | VAS | 2.0 (1.6) |
| Smith et al. [28] | – | Acute | – | Yes (12/12) | VAS | 4.4 (1.9) |
| della Volpe et al. [2] | Yes | Chronic | 5.2 | Yes (12/12) | NRS-11 | 2–5/10 |
| Popa et al. [29] | Yes | Chronic | 5.2 (3.3) | Yes (13/13) | – | – |
| Brumagne et al. [30] | – | Chronic | 3.4 (2.5) | Yes (21/21) | VAS | 2.2 (1.5) |
| Lafond et al. [31] | Yes | Chronic | – | Yes (10/10) | VAS | 2.5 |
| Harringe et al. [32] | – | – | – | Mostly (7/11) | – | – |
| Mann et al. [19] | Yes | Chronic | – | Yes (10/10) | VAS | 6 (2) |
| Salavati et al. [33] | – | Episodic | 1.0 | No (22/22) | VAS | <2.0 |
Visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging 0–10, 0–2 light pain; 3–5 light-to-moderate pain; 6–7 moderate-to-intense pain; 8–10 unbearable pain
aChronic pain is defined as pain presence for at least 3 months