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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Mar 4.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Mol Med. 2010 Aug 1;10(6):565–578. doi: 10.2174/1566524011009060565

Fig. (5).

Fig. (5)

TGFβ Smad-independent Signaling Pathways: TGFβ exerts its effect by binding and activating type II receptor (TGFβR2) and then type I receptor (TGFβR1). Smad independent pathways are then activated and include various branches of MAP kinase (MAPK) pathways, Rho-like GTPase signaling pathways, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) pathway. These pathways then regulate gene transcription in the nucleus. The exact mechanism of activation of these various Smad-independent signaling pathways remains to be elaborated.