Table 3.

Table 3 Large consistent effect sizes from meta-analyses of brain imaging studies in patients versus controls

	Effect sizevs. controls	Different from relatives	Evident at first episode	Specificity vs. affective disorder	Other issues
sMRI regional brain volumes	Up to 0.86, some with heterogeneity (Wright et al, 76)	Yes, at least hippocampus and ventricles	Yes, at least hippocampus and ventricles	Amygdala volume may discriminate but may depend on age and treatment	Pattern recognition methods may be more powerful
Hypofrontality	0.64 at rest;	Yes	Yes	DLPFC activity	Performance level
	1.13 when active			possibly	needs to be
	(Zakzanis and Heinrichs, 85)				allowed for
Mismatch	0.99	Possible	Possible, but some	Possible
negativity	(Umbricht and		possible
	Krljes, 98)		progression
sMRI – structural magnetic resonance imaging; DLPFC – dorsolateral prefrontal cortex