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Cytokine activity in plasma and pleural fluid. Results of cytokines in plasma and pleural fluid (PF) in HIV-1-infected (a) and uninfected (b) subjects with pleural tuberculosis (TB) are shown. No significant differences in pattern or level of cytokines in pleural fluid was found between the two patient groups. Cytokines significantly higher in pleural fluid than in plasma in HIV/TB patients included interleukin (IL)-6 (P < 0·0001), IL-8 (P < 0·005) and interferon (IFN)-γ (P < 0·0001).
