Figure 2.

Spread of experimentally seeded, multiple traditions generating four chimpanzee ‘cultures’. At each pair of locations, alternative techniques were experimentally seeded in a single individual and spread locally. Each column represents a single chimpanzee, with hatching corresponding to the alternative techniques seeded in the leftmost individual in each case. At Yerkes, row 1 = lift versus slide methods to open door in ‘doorian fruit’, run as a diffusion chain [18]; row 2 = poke versus lift panpipes techniques spread in an open (unconstrained) diffusion [17]; row 3 = bucket versus pipe posting option for tokens in an open diffusion [19]; row 4 = hand-clasp grooming, which arose and spread spontaneously in only Yerkes FS1 community. At Bastrop, row 1 = fish-probe versus fish-slide techniques; row 2 = turn-ip-slide versus turn-ip-ratchet techniques, used to extract food from two different devices; each technique spread to a second group (middle) and then a third (bottom) [20].