Table 2.

Knockdown times and para mutations among different German cockroach strains

Strain	para mutation						Time to knockdown (min)
	L993Fa	D58G	G330A	E434K	C764R	P1880L	First fiveb	Last fiveb
CSMA	L	D	G	E	C	P	<20c
Orlando	L	D	G	E	C	P	<18c
Ectiban-R	F	D	G	E	C	P	45–70c
	S/Rd	S/R	S/R	S/R	S/R	S/R
Swine	L/Le	–f	–	–/E	–/C	–	15–20	>60
Aves	–/F	D/D	–	–/E	–/C	P/P	17–23	>80
Malo	L/F	D/G	A/A	E/K	C/R	P/L	50–81	>275
Pinellis 214	L/F	–	–	E/K	C/R	–	8–37	>120
Pinellis 417	L/F	D/D	–	E/K	C/R	P/P	11–29	>140
Fuerte	L/F	–	A/A	E/K	C/R	–	14–48	>280
NASJAX	–/F	–	–	E/K	C/R	–	15–30	>100

^aData taken from Dong et al. (1998) and Valles et al. (2000).

^bTime at which the first five or the 45th individual of 50 cockroaches was knocked down in the cypermethrin residue bioassay.

^cTime at which all 50 individuals were knocked down.

^dPhenotype: susceptible (S; the first five knocked-down individuals)/resistant (R; the last five knocked-down individuals).

^eGenotype: the amino acid residue in the first five knocked down individuals/the amino acid in the last five knocked down individuals.

^fNot examined.