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. 2011 Jan 11;104(3):419–426. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606073

Table 2. Pre-diagnostic socio-demographic and health status risk factors for cancer-related PTSS and severe PTSSa.

  3 Months post surgery
15 Months post surgery
    PTSS Severe PTSS Severe PTSS age adjusted
  PTSS Severe PTSS Severe PTSS age adjusted
Severe PTSS 3 months adjusted b
  N Mean (s.d.) (%) OR (95% CI) N Mean (s.d.) (%) OR (95% CI) OR (95 % CI)
Age P=0.71 P<0.001   P<0.001c   P<0.001 P=0.20   P=0.20c   P=0.07
 26–35 years 95 17.05 (11.03) 6.3 1.00 (Referent) 73 17.36 (12.77) 12.3 1.00 (Referent) 1.00 (Referent)
 36–49 years 900 19.76 (14.77) 17.2 3.09 1.33–7.18 773 17.39 (14.31) 12.9 1.06 0.51–2.19 0.57 0.26–1.26
 50–59 years 1282 20.38 (16.17) 20.5 3.83 1.66–8.85 1126 16.68 (15.95) 16.0 1.35 0.66–2.77 0.69 0.32–1.49
 60–69 years 1041 20.35 (16.69) 23.2 4.49 1.94–10.40 940 14.58 (15.47) 13.4 1.10 0.53–2.27 0.48 0.22–1.06
                         
Marital status P=0.47 P=0.15   P=0.44   P=0.04 P=0.33   P=0.32   P=0.17
 Married or cohabiting 2537 19.90 (15.77) 19.4 1.00 (Referent) 2236 16.29 (15.35) 14.3 1.00 (Referent) 1.00 (Referent)
 Divorced, separated or married – single 408 21.14 (15.97) 22.5 1.21 0.94–1.55 354 17.29 (15.70) 16.7 1.20 0.89–1.63 1.12 0.78–1.62
 Widow – single 179 20.87 (16.78) 25.1 1.16 0.81–1.67 158 13.66 (14.90) 11.4 0.75 0.45–1.26 0.54 0.30–0.99
 Unmarried – single 188 20.05 (15.79) 19.7 1.11 0.76–1.62 159 15.28 (14.67) 11.9 0.83 0.50–1.36 0.81 0.46–1.45
                         
Children P=0.16 P=0.007   P=0.01   P=0.25 P=0.08   P=0.08   P=0.53
 No 384 18.70 (14.53) 14.8 1.00 (Referent) 326 15.02 (14.48) 11.0 1.00 (Referent) 1.00 (Referent)
 Yes 2934 20.29 (16.01) 20.8 1.45 1.08–1.95 2586 16.36 (15.44) 14.7 1.38 0.96–1.98 1.15 0.75–1.75
                         
Education (ISCED 97 based) P=0.01 P<0.001   P<0.001   P=0.26 P<0.001   P<0.001   P=0.03
 Lower secondary general (7 years) 539 22.42 (18.18) 27.8 1.00 (Referent) 466 16.55 (17.23) 18.0 1.00 (Referent) 1.00 (Referent)
 Lower secondary general (8–10 years) 466 20.71 (16.65) 22.1 0.84 0.62–1.14 404 17.64 (16.29) 15.8 0.83 0.57–1.20 0.97 0.63–1.50
 Upper secondary (11–13 years) 1317 20.41 (15.79) 20.3 0.74 0.58–0.95 1142 16.54 (15.47) 16.1 0.85 0.63–1.14 1.19 0.84–1.69
 Tertiary < master degree (14–17 years) 797 18.29 (14.12) 15.2 0.53 0.40–0.71 718 14.97 (13.43) 9.2 0.44 0.31–0.64 0.68 0.45–1.03
 Tertiary master degree (⩾18 years) 160 17.42 (12.24) 10.6 0.36 0.21–0.62 147 15.11 (13.43) 8.2 0.39 0.20–0.74 0.77 0.38–1.56
                         
Social status (ISCO-88 based) P<0.001 P<0.001   P<0.001   P=0.01 P<0.001   P<0.001   P=0.38
 Top manager or employee – upper level 381 16.72 (12.55) 11.5 1.00 (Referent) 338 14.92 (12.78) 8.6 1.00 (Referent) 1.00 (Referent)
 Employee – medium level 559 18.92 (14.60) 16.1 1.48 1.01–2.19 502 15.61 (13.88) 11.2 1.32 0.83–2.12 1.02 0.60–1.74
 Employee – basic level 820 19.64 (15.32) 17.3 1.61 1.12–2.31 704 16.17 (15.09) 13.6 1.67 1.08–2.59 1.21 0.74–1.97
 Employee – others or in education 333 20.63 (16.84) 22.2 2.16 1.44–3.25 288 17.78 (16.29) 18.8 2.49 1.54–4.03 1.56 0.89–2.72
 Self-employed or assisting spouse 124 20.42 (15.88) 20.2 1.88 1.10–3.24 111 14.67 (14.30) 12.6 1.58 0.80–3.12 0.89 0.40–2.00
 Unemployed, recipient of temporary allowance, cash or pre-retirement benefits, and so on 619 20.95 (16.50) 23.4 2.18 1.49–3.20 556 15.44 (15.84) 14.9 2.03 1.27–3.23 1.12 0.68–1.86
 Old age pension 169 21.61 (17.83) 27.2 2.52 1.52–4.16 155 14.82 (15.44) 14.8 2.16 1.15–4.07 0.86 0.43–1.71
 Recipients of early retirement pension, rehabilitation, or sickness benefits 306 24.60 (18.31) 32.4 3.48 2.32–5.20 252 20.55 (18.79) 23.4 3.47 2.12–5.66 1.53 0.87–2.68
                         
Personal income P=0.003 P<0.001   P<0.001   P=0.007 P<0.001   P<0.001   P=0.04
 ⩽20 000 $ 499 22.35 (17.53) 28.1 1.00 (Referent) 436 18.67 (17.67) 20.0 1.00 (Referent) 1.00 (Referent)
 >20 000 $ and ⩽30 000 $ 618 21.22 (17.31) 23.9 0.83 0.63–1.08 544 15.06 (15.85) 14.7 0.68 0.49–0.96 0.68 0.45–1.04
 >30 000 $ and ⩽40 000 $ 688 20.94 (16.14) 21.9 0.78 0.59–1.03 600 17.11 (15.59) 17.7 0.82 0.59–1.13 1.04 0.71–1.54
 >40 000 $ and ⩽55 000 $ 879 18.68 (14.60) 15.4 0.51 0.39–0.68 775 15.29 (13.95) 10.3 0.43 0.31–0.61 0.64 0.43–0.95
 >55 000 $ 627 18.33 (13.88) 14.5 0.48 0.35–0.65 551 15.65 (14.05) 11.1 0.47 0.33–0.68 0.76 0.50–1.16
                         
Household net wealth (per person) P=0.15 P=0.39   P=0.03   P<0.001 P=0.001   P<0.001   P=0.02
 <0 $ 677 20.99 (16.41) 21.6 1.00 (Referent) 571 18.37 (15.97) 18.4 1.00 (Referent) 1.00 (Referent)
 ⩾0 $ and <20 000 $ 598 20.38 (15.52) 20.9 0.87 0.66–1.15 533 17.20 (15.82) 14.3 0.71 0.51–0.98 0.73 0.50–1.08
 ⩾20 000 $ and <55 000 $ 626 19.79 (15.95) 18.8 0.76 0.58–1.00 557 15.09 (14.94) 14.5 0.72 0.52–0.99 0.81 0.55–1.19
 ⩾55 000 $ and <120 000 $ 736 20.54 (15.98) 21.1 0.82 0.63–1.07 645 16.19 (15.68) 14.6 0.71 0.52–0.97 0.77 0.53–1.11
 ⩾120 000 $ 674 18.84 (15.32) 18.0 0.64 0.48–0.85 600 14.28 (13.85) 9.7 0.43 0.30–0.62 0.50 0.33–0.75
                         
Urbanicity (municipality size) P=0.86 P=0.95   P=0.92   P=0.94 P=0.45   P=0.47   P=0.59
 <10 000 564 20.67 (16.22) 20.9 1.00 (Referent) 491 16.84 (15.92) 14.3 1.00 (Referent) 1.00 (Referent)
 10 000–50 000 1201 20.10 (15.92) 20.1 0.92 0.72–1.18 1065 16.23 (15.62) 15.2 1.08 0.79–1.46 1.19 0.82–1.72
 50 000–300 000 719 20.06 (15.93) 20.4 0.95 0.72–1.25 621 16.29 (15.49) 14.5 1.02 0.73–1.43 1.09 0.73–1.64
 Copenhagen – suburbs 521 20.15 (15.58) 19.2 0.87 0.65–1.18 459 16.05 (14.66) 13.9 0.97 0.67–1.40 1.23 0.79–1.91
 Copenhagen – center 307 19.20 (15.25) 19.2 0.91 0.64–1.29 271 15.14 (13.97) 10.7 0.72 0.46–1.14 0.84 0.49–1.44
                         
Ethnicity P=0.41 P=0.66   P=0.61   P=0.63 P=0.93   P=0.93   P=0.84
 Not immigrant or descendant 3211 20.10 (15.91) 20.0 1.00 (Referent) 2821 16.20 (15.34) 14.3 1.00 (Referent) 1.00 (Referent)
 Immigrant or descendant 101 20.55 (14.01) 21.8 1.13 0.70–1.84 86 16.83 (15.49) 14.0 0.97 0.52–1.81 1.07 0.54–2.15
                         
Psychiatric history P<0.001 P<0.001   P<0.001   P=0.002 P<0.001   P<0.001   P=0.008
 No 3090 19.72 (15.67) 19.1 1.00 (Referent) 2728 15.92 (15.11) 13.5 1.00 (Referent) 1.00 (Referent)
 Yes 228 25.38 (17.29) 32.9 2.10 1.57–2.81 184 20.45 (17.94) 26.1 2.28 1.61–3.22 1.78 1.16–2.72
                         
CCI P=0.002 P<0.001   P=0.001   P=0.03 P=0.001   P=0.002   P=0.26
 No comorbidity 2955 19.78 (15.63) 19.2 1.00 (Referent) 2604 16.06 (15.27) 13.9 1.00 (Referent) 1.00 (Referent)
 CCI score =1 296 22.27 (16.71) 26.0 1.38 1.05–1.83 251 16.66 (15.22) 14.7 1.07 0.74–1.55 0.84 0.55–1.31
 CCI score >1 58 27.07 (19.81) 37.9 2.26 1.32–3.90 49 22.86 (18.24) 32.7 3.01 1.63–5.55 1.80 0.80–4.06

Abbreviations: CCI=Charlson comorbidity index; CI=confidence interval; IES=impact of events scale; ISCED=International Standard Classification of Education; ISCO-88= International Standard Classification of Occupation; OR=odds ratio; PTSS=post-traumatic stress symptom.

a

PTSS=IES; severe PTSS=IES total score ⩾35.

b

Adjusted for PTSS scores and severe PTSS measured at 3 months post surgery.

c

Unadjusted.

Age- and baseline-adjusted ORs in bold differs significantly (95% CI) from the reference group (OR=1.00). Missing observations are not shown. As a consequence totals (N) differs slightly.