Child characteristics, mean (SD) |
Gestational age at birth, wk |
39.5 (1.8) |
39.5 (1.7) |
Breastfeeding duration at 1 y, mo |
6.7 (4.7) |
5.8 (4.4) |
Sleep duration at 6 mo, h/d |
12.3 (1.2) |
12.2 (1.1) |
Television viewing at 6 mo, h/d |
1.3 (1.0) |
1.2 (0.9) |
Age at 1-y visit, mo |
12.4 (0.8) |
12.5 (0.7) |
Age at 3-y visit, mo |
39.2 (3.9) |
39.0 (3.6) |
Outcome measures, mean (SD) |
1-y WFL z score |
0.27 (1.01) |
0.39 (1.05) |
3-y BMI z score |
0.32 (0.97) |
0.51 (1.03) |
3-y SS+TR, mm |
16.5 (4.0) |
16.8 (4.1) |
3-y SS:TR, mm |
0.64 (0.16) |
0.64 (0.16) |
Child care attendance, mean (SD), h/wk |
Child care center |
— |
11.3 (8.5) |
Someone else’s home |
— |
11.7 (8.3) |
Own home |
— |
9.6 (9.4) |
Gender, female, % |
49.5 |
49.6 |
Child race/ethnicity, % |
Black |
14.1 |
15.3 |
White |
66.5 |
66.6 |
Hispanic |
3.9 |
5.2 |
Other |
15.5 |
12.9 |
Family characteristics, mean (SD) |
Maternal age, y |
32.0 (5.1) |
32.6 (5.0) |
Maternal prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2
|
24.7 (5.4) |
25.1 (5.6) |
Paternal BMI, kg/m2
|
26.4 (4.0) |
26.5 (3.9) |
Annual household income, % |
<$40 000 |
15.4 |
10.5 |
$40 000–$70 000 |
26.2 |
19.8 |
>$70 000 |
58.5 |
69.7 |
Maternal education, % |
≤High school graduate |
11.7 |
6.8 |
Some college |
23.8 |
20.3 |
College graduate |
36.7 |
36.8 |
Graduate degree |
27.9 |
36.2 |
Maternal smoking, % |
Never smoker |
67.0 |
69.0 |
Former smoker |
21.0 |
21.3 |
Smoker while pregnant |
12.1 |
9.8 |
Maternal parity, % |
0 |
44.0 |
50.2 |
1 |
32.3 |
38.4 |
2 |
23.7 |
11.4 |