Table 2.
Cause-specific mortality using baseline versus updated smoking status among Nurses’ Health Study participants
| Using Baseline Smoking Status Only | Using Updated Smoking Status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | Multivariable-adjusted HR* (95% CI) | Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | Multivariable-adjusted HR* (95% CI) | ||
| Current smoking† | CHD | 2.58 (2.29, 2.91) | 3.68 (3.22, 4.22) | 3.65 (3.21, 4.14) | 3.81 (3.33, 4.36) |
| Stroke‡ | 2.33 (1.98, 2.75) | 2.93 (2.44, 3.52) | 3.08 (2.57, 3.69) | 3.09 (2.56, 3.73) | |
| Resp.§ | 10.04 (8.18, 12.32) | 10.94 (8.78, 13.64) | 13.33 (10.76, 16.52) | 14.39 (11.53, 17.95) | |
| Lung Cancer | 17.83 (14.63, 21.7) | 23.3 (19.0, 28.8) | 24.2 (19.75, 29.6) | 29.6 (24.0, 36.5) | |
| Smoking-related Cancers|| | 2.16 (1.85, 2.51) | 2.69 (2.26, 3.20) | 2.68 (2.26, 3.17) | 2.94 (2.45, 3.52) | |
| Other** | 1.59 (1.50, 1.67) | 1.82 (1.71, 1.93) | 1.89 (1.78, 2.00) | 1.93 (1.81, 2.05) | |
| Former smoking† | CHD | 1.05 (0.91, 1.22) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.43) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.38) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33) |
| Stroke‡ | 0.97 (0.80, 1.19) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.37) | 1.16 (0.98, 1.38) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.39) | |
| Resp.§ | 2.06 (1.60, 2.66) | 2.29 (1.76, 2.98) | 3.50 (2.82, 4.35) | 3.78 (3.02, 4.72) | |
| Lung Cancer | 2.87 (2.26, 3.65) | 3.54 (2.77, 4.53) | 5.18 (4.20, 6.39) | 6.31 (5.08, 7.83) | |
| Smoking-related Cancers|| | 1.12 (0.94, 1.34) | 1.26 (1.05, 1.53) | 1.23 (1.05, 1.44) | 1.35 (1.14, 1.59) | |
| Other** | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.18) | 1.10 (1.05, 1.16) | 1.13 (1.07, 1.19) | |
Abbreviations: Resp, respiratory disease
Adjusted for age (months), follow-up period, history of hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, body mass index, change in weight from age 18 to baseline (1980), alcohol intake, physical activity, previous use of oral contraceptives, postmenopausal estrogen therapy and menopausal status, parental history of myocardial infarction before or at 60 years, and age at starting smoking
Reference category consists of never-smokers
Includes ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage
Includes acute and chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, and other diseases of respiratory system, except lung cancer
Includes smoking-caused cancers (according to the 2004 Surgeon General’s report): acute myeloid leukemia, bladder, cervical, esophageal, kidney, larynx, oral cavity and pharynx, pancreas, and stomach
Other includes other causes of death not included in the other 5 mutually exclusive categories of death