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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Cancer Biol. 2010 Oct 12;21(1):35–43. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.10.007

Figure 2. Modulation of TGF-β signaling by Hepatitis B or C.

Figure 2

TGF-β normally suppresses cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis through the activation of the pSmad3C mediated p21 WAF1 pathway and down regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins. HBx proteins and HCV impair pSmad3C/p21 WAF1 tumor suppressive pathways and activate JNK/pSmad3L oncogenic pathways, which in turn activate c-myc and related oncogenic pathways. This also leads to increased angiogenesis via VEGF, vascular invasion through the activation of β1 integrin, and promotion of EMT.