Table 3.

 Associations between walking disability and mortality

	Hazard ratio (95% CI)*	P value*
All cause mortality:
Crude	1.93 (1.59 to 2.36)	<0.001
Age and sex adjusted	1.58 (1.29 to 1.93)	<0.001
Fully adjusted	1.48 (1.17 to 1.86)	0.001
Death from cardiovascular causes:
Crude	2.40 (1.79 to 3.23)	<0.001
Age and sex adjusted	1.95 (1.44 to 2.63)	<0.001
Fully adjusted	1.72 (1.22 to 2.41)	0.002
Cancer related death:
Crude	1.22 (0.82 to 1.82)	0.34
Age and sex adjusted	1.06 (0.70 to 1.58)	0.80
Fully adjusted	0.98 (0.62 to 1.56)	0.93
Death from respiratory causes:
Crude	1.74 (0.90 to 3.34)	0.10
Age and sex adjusted	1.37 (0.70 to 2.66)	0.36
Fully adjusted	1.74 (0.82 to 3.71)	0.15
Death from gastrointestinal causes:
Crude	3.26 (1.32 to 8.06)	0.010
Age and sex adjusted	2.46 (0.98 to 6.20)	0.06
Fully adjusted	2.51 (0.89 to 7.14)	0.08
Death associated with dementia:
Crude	1.15 (0.37 to 3.63)	0.81
Age and sex adjusted	0.68 (0.21 to 2.19)	0.52
Fully adjusted†	0.69 (0.18 to 2.59)	0.58

*Hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and P values were derived from Cox proportional hazards models after multiple imputation of missing covariate data; hazard ratios >1 indicate higher mortality in patients with walking disability at baseline.

†Not adjusted for history of obesity, diabetes, depression, and cancer owing to collinearity.