Table A.
Selected Descriptive Statistics of Children in and out of the Analysis Sample
| Variable | Head Start |
Non-Head Start |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In analysis(n= 386) |
Out of analysis(n= 71) |
In analysis(n= 2,417) |
Out of analysis(n= 1,368) |
|||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
| Care arrangement right before kindergarten | ||||||||
| Head Start | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | — | — | — | — |
| Parental care | — | — | — | — | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.37 |
| Prekindergarten | — | — | — | — | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 0.47 |
| Other center-based care | — | — | — | — | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.50 |
| Other nonparental care | — | — | — | — | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.28 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||
| Child male | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.63* | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.50 |
| Age at in-home assessment (months) | 64.13 | 2.52 | 64.31 | 0.00 | 64.17 | 2.54 | 64.32* | 0.68 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.38 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.39** | 0.49 |
| Hispanic | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.41 |
| Biracial/other | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.21** | 0.41 |
| Behavioral & cognitive scores at child age 3 | ||||||||
| PPVT–III scores | 85.23 | 17.11 | 83.65 | 14.16 | 87.93 | 17.21 | 83.45** | 15.75 |
| Social competence | 15.36 | 2.40 | 15.23 | 2.56 | 15.62 | 2.48 | 15.17** | 2.81 |
| Attention problems | 2.51 | 1.51 | 2.81 | 1.36 | 2.30 | 1.53 | 2.77** | 1.50 |
| Internalizing behavior problems | 10.89 | 5.51 | 11.18† | 5.57 | 9.60 | 5.37 | 9.08** | 6.20 |
| Externalizing behavior problems | 13.55 | 7.88 | 14.01 | 7.23 | 12.20 | 7.42 | 14.47** | 7.79 |
| Mother and household characteristics | ||||||||
| Employment at child’s age 3 | ||||||||
| Work paid < 35 hrs per week | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.36 |
| Work paid ≥35 + hrs per week | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.41† | 0.49 |
| Looking for job | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.41 |
| Not working | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.23* | 0.42 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.30* | 0.46 |
| High school diploma/GED | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.45 |
| Some college/tech school | 0.29 | 0.46 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.27** | 0.45 |
| Bachelor’s degree/graduate | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.34 |
| Mother cognitive ability score | 6.44 | 2.29 | 7.29** | 1.69 | 6.89 | 2.58 | 6.82 | 2.15 |
| Mother depressed in past year | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.41 |
| Parenting and learning environment | ||||||||
| Harsh parenting score | 0.61 | 1.14 | 4.59 | 0.38 | 0.47 | 1.03 | 4.51 | 0.52 |
| Maternal responsivity score | 5.08 | 1.09 | 5.16 | 0.80 | 5.14 | 0.96 | 5.12 | 0.63 |
| Cognitively stimulating materials | 9.44 | 1.19 | 9.60 | 0.64 | 9.55 | 1.13 | 9.45** | 0.93 |
| Household income at child’s age 3 | ||||||||
| Below 50% poverty line | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.16* | 0.37 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.41 |
| 50–100% poverty line | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.18 | 0.39 |
| 100–200% poverty line | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.22* | 0.41 |
| 200–300% poverty line | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.17† | 0.38 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.35 |
| 300% + poverty line | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.35* | 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.24* | 0.43 |
Note. Two-tailed t statistics testing the mean differences between those Head Start children in the analysis sample and those out of the analysis sample as well as the mean differences between non-Head Start children in the analyses and those out of the analyses. PPVT–III = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (3rd ed.; Dunn, Dunn, & Dunn, 1997).
†
p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.