Table 4. Relationship between history of violence and IPV during pregnancy.

Author	Variable related to IPV during pregnancy	Measurement
Dunkle et al (2004) [40]	Child sexual abuse	RR 2.43; 95%CI 1.93–3.06
	Forced first sexual intercourse	RR 2.64; 95%CI 2.07–3.38
Kaye et al (2002)	Witnessing abuse in childhood	p = 0.000
	Physical abuse in childhood	p = 0.023
Ntaganira et al (2008)	Abuse in childhood	OR 2.69; 95%CI 1.69–4.29
Ntaganira et al (2009)	Any form of violence	p = 0.0001
Olagbuji et al (2010)	IPV 12 months before pregnancy	p<0.0001 OR 274.34; 95% CI 66.4–1133.8
Karamagi et al (2006)	Sexual violence	OR 3.7; 95% CI 2.1–6.6
Ezechi et al (2009)	Abuse before HIV test	p = 0.003

p = p value; CI = Confidence Interval; OR = Odds Ratio RR = Risk Ratio.