Table 5. Relationship between alcohol use and IPV during pregnancy.

Author	Variable related to IPV	Measurement
Dunkle et al 2004 [40]	Woman's alcohol/drug problem	p = 0.0002 OR 4.59; 95%CI 2.54–8.30
Olagbuji et al 2010	Woman regularly takes alcohol	p<0.0001 OR 11.60; 95% CI 3.8–35.1
Ntaganira et al 2008	Partner heavily drinks alcohol	p = 0.0001 OR 3.37; 95% CI 2.05–5.54
	Partner occasionally drinks alcohol	OR 4.10 95% CI 2.48–6.77
Ntaganira et al 2009	Partner occasionally drinks alcohol	OR 2.52 95% CI 1.35–4.71
	Partner heavily drinks alcohol	OR 3.85; 95% CI 1.81–8.21
Fawole et al 2008*	Partner drinks alcohol	p<0.001; OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.51–5.53

p = p value; OR = Odds Ratio; CI = confidence Interval;

*alcohol abuse was related to IPV 12 months before pregnancy.