Table 2. Costs associated with PEP vaccination.

Cost type	Parameter	Estimate (USD)	Reference
Medical	Material costs per injection (needles, syringes, swabs)	$0.1	[7], Global
		$0.4	[38], India
	Overhead costs per clinic visit (staff salaries, administration)	$0.5	[39], Global
		$1.2	[38], India
	Vaccine costs per vial	$8.75–11.5	[29], Thailand
		$7.5	http://www.msd.or.tz/ Tanzania
		$8–20	M. Sambo, pers com, Tanzania,
		$11	J. Girardi, pers com, Indonesia
		$18	[40], China
		$7–18	[41], South-East Asia
		$10	[7], WHO procurement services
		$7–9	D. Xuyen, pers com, Vietnam
		$6.6	[38], India
Non-medical	Transport, accommodation and income loss costs per clinic visit	$2.9–5.5	[7], Africa, Asia
		$7–14	[42], Tanzania

Costs vary within and between countries. For the purpose of comparison, in our simulations we used the values that are emboldened, but absolute cost-effectiveness will depend on specific settings. Note that for analyses of costs from the patient perspective, we explore the full range of indirect costs.