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Oxidative stress-induced melatonin response. Melatonin and its metabolites AFMK and/or AMK are found to significantly protect against oxidative damage by scavenging ROS (direct activity) or enhancing gene and activity expression of the main antioxidant enzymes (GPx, CAT, SOD) via nuclear (RORα), membrane (MT1, MT2) and cytosolic (NQO2/MT3) receptors (indirect activity).
