Table 2.
Association of eGFR and vascular risk factors with cognitive impairment (Modified Mini-Mental State Exam >1 SD below mean)
| Characteristic | Odds Ratio and 95% Confidence Interval |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted for Demographics and Vascular Risk Factors | Adjusted for eGFR, Demographics, and Stroke | Adjusted for eGFR, Demographics, and Traditional Vascular Risk Factors | Fully Adjusted Model | |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | |||||
| ≥60 | 0.61 (0.39, 0.97) | 0.77 (0.46, 1.28) | 0.78 (0.47, 1.30) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.24) | |
| 45 to 59 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |
| 30 to 44 | 1.59 (1.24, 2.04) | 1.16 (0.87, 1.55) | 1.15 (0.86, 1.53) | 1.12 (0.82, 1.54) | |
| <30 | 2.29 (1.74, 3.01) | 1.47 (1.05, 2.05) | 1.46 (1.04, 2.04) | 1.28 (0.88, 1.86) | |
| Age (per 10 years) | 1.37 (1.24, 1.52) | 1.37 (1.19, 1.59) | 1.41 (1.24, 1.60) | 1.41 (1.24, 1.60) | 1.31 (1.14, 1.50) |
| Male (versus female) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.20) | 1.48 (1.12, 1.97) | 1.29 (1.02, 1.64) | 1.38 (1.08, 1.77) | 1.48 (1.13, 1.95) |
| Non-white (versus white) | 4.21 (3.32, 5.33) | 3.89 (2.76, 5.47) | 4.27 (3.12, 5.82) | 4.19 (3.06, 5.74) | 4.04 (2.88, 5.68) |
| Hispanic (versus non-Hispanic) | 4.41 (3.16, 6.14) | 4.38 (2.65, 7.26) | 5.05 (3.21, 7.94) | 4.63 (2.92, 7.34) | 4.76 (2.90, 7.82) |
| Education | |||||
| less than high school | 3.40 (2.62, 4.41) | 2.37 (1.72, 3.25) | 2.12 (1.59, 2.82) | 2.19 (1.65, 2.93) | 2.29 (1.67, 3.12) |
| high school graduate | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| some college | 0.37 (0.27, 0.51) | 0.39 (0.27, 0.56) | 0.38 (0.27, 0.53) | 0.38 (0.27, 0.53) | 0.39 (0.27, 0.56) |
| college graduate | 0.13 (0.09, 0.20) | 0.19 (0.12, 0.30) | 0.18 (0.12, 0.29) | 0.18 (0.11, 0.27) | 0.20 (0.12, 0.31) |
| Stroke | 2.29 (1.75, 2.99) | 1.91 (1.35, 2.70) | 1.64 (1.20, 2.24) | 1.62 (1.18, 2.22) | 1.97 (1.40, 2.78) |
| Diabetes | 1.83 (1.50, 2.24) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.34) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.39) | ||
| Hypertension | 3.62 (2.33, 5.61) | 1.07 (0.64, 1.80) | 1.16 (0.71, 1.91) | ||
| Elevated cholesterol | 1.33 (1.01, 1.75) | 1.15 (0.80, 1.65) | 1.09 (0.79, 1.52) | ||
| Smoking (ever versus never) | 1.07 (0.88, 1.31) | 0.68 (0.52, 0.89) | 0.65 (0.51, 0.84) | ||
| Coronary heart disease | 1.46 (1.17, 1.82) | 1.03 (0.76, 1.39) | 1.09 (0.83, 1.44) | ||
| Peripheral arterial disease | 2.00 (1.45, 2.76) | 1.06 (0.69, 1.64) | 1.04 (0.70, 1.54) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg increase) | 1.23 (1.18, 1.28) | ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg increase) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | ||||
| Total cholesterol (per 10 mg/dl increase) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | ||||
| Hemoglobin (per g/dl decrease) | 1.32 (1.23, 1.39) | 1.08 (0.99, 1.17) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | ||
| Log C-reactive protein | 1.18 (1.09, 1.27) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | |||
| Serum albumin (per g/dl decrease) | 1.79 (1.47, 2.22) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.56) | |||
| Total homocysteine (per μmol/L increase) | 1.04 (1.03, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | |||
| Albuminuria | |||||
| <30 mg/day | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |||
| 30 to 299 mg/day | 1.67 (1.29, 2.17) | 1.25 (0.90, 1.74) | |||
| 300 to 999 mg/day | 2.01 (1.49, 2.72) | 1.22 (0.82, 1.79) | |||
| ≥1000 mg/day | 2.19 (1.63, 2.93) | 1.16 (0.76, 1.78) | |||
Note that adjusted models include CRIC clinical site in addition to the variables shown.