Table 1.
Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics of Study Sample at Baseline (n = 1128)
| Variable |
Total sample (n = 1128) Mean (SD) or % (n) |
Diabetes present (n = 207) Mean (SD) or % (n) |
No diabetes present (n = 921) Mean (SD) or % (n) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years (range 60–90) | 72.5 (6.3) | 70.8 (6.1) | 72.8 (6.3)*** |
| Education | |||
| Less than high school | 17.1 (193) | 19.8 (41) | 16.5 (152) |
| High school | 40.0 (451) | 41.1 (85) | 39.7 (366) |
| More than high school | 42.9 (484) | 39.1 (81) | 43.8 (403) |
| Race (% white) | 82.7 (933) | 76.3 (158) | 84.1 (775)*** |
| Number of nondiabetes comorbidities | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.2 (1.0) |
| Heart-related diagnosis | |||
| Angina | 36.5 (412) | 45.9 (95) | 34.4 (317)** |
| Myocardial infarction | 40.3 (455) | 49.8 (103) | 38.2 (352)** |
| Arrhythmia | 54.7 (617) | 49.3 (102) | 55.9 (515) |
| CHF | 23.7 (267) | 37.7 (78) | 20.5 (189)*** |
| Valvular disorder | 27.4 (309) | 21.3 (44) | 28.8 (265)* |
| Hypertension | 72.6 (819) | 81.2 (168) | 70.7 (651)** |
| Number of heart-related diagnoses | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.9 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.2)*** |
| Unadjusted baseline values of outcomes | |||
| SIP-physical (observed range 0–66) | 9.3 (10.1) | 13.3 (12.2) | 8.3 (9.4)*** |
| Six-Minute Walk distance (ft) (12-2070) | 748 (460) | 603 (401) | 778 (466)*** |
| SIP-psychosocial (0–68) | 7.4 (10.3) | 10.6 (12.2) | 6.7 (9.7)*** |
| Depressive symptoms (0–24) | 3.5 (4.3) | 4.6 (5.0) | 3.3 (4.1)*** |
| Cardiac symptom burden (0–25) | 3.4 (4.3) | 3.9 (4.5) | 3.3 (4.2) |
| General physical symptom burden (0–20) | 5.7 (4.9) | 6.5 (5.0) | 5.5 (4.8)** |
***
p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and *p < 0.05 for difference between diabetes and nondiabetes groups based on independent-samples t test or chi-square test.
CHF, congestive heart failure; SD, standard deviation; SIP, Sickness Impact Profile.