Table 2.
Cellular Targets of viral miRNAs.
| Target | Virus | miRNA(s) | Proposed function |
Confir mation * |
Lead | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PUMA | EBV | miR-BART5 | anti- apoptotic |
1,2,3,5 | prediction | Choy et al., 2008 |
| SMAD2 | MDV1 | miR-M3 | 1,2,3 | informed | Xu et al., 2010 | |
| THBS1 | KSHV | miR-K1 miR-K3-3p miR-K6-3p miR-K11 |
1,2,3 | microarray | Samols et al., 2007 | |
| TWEAKR | KSHV | miR-K12-10a | 1,2,3,4, 5 |
microarray | Abend, Uldrick, and Ziegelbauer, 2010 | |
| BCLAF1 | KSHV | miR-K5 miR-K9 miR-K10a/b |
Inhibit caspase, may facilitate lytic cycle |
1,2,3,4, 5 |
microarray | Ziegelbauer, Sullivan, and Ganem, 2009 |
| MICB | hCMV KSHV EBV |
miR-UL112 miR-K12-7 miR-BART2- 5p |
immune escape |
1,2,3,4 | prediction / informed |
Stern-Ginossar et al., 2007 Nachmani et al., 2009 |
| CXCL16 | mCMV | miR-M23-2 | 1,2,3,6 | informed | Dolken et al., 2010a | |
| CXCL-11 | EBV | mir-BHRF1-3 | immune modulation |
5 | informed | Xia et al., 2008 |
| p21 | KSHV | miR-K1 | prevent cell cycle arrest |
1,2,3,5 | microarray | Gottwein and Cullen, 2010 |
| CCNE2 H3F3B TRIM28 |
hCMV | miR-US25-1 | block cell cycle to prevent apoptosis? |
1,2,3 1,2 3,4 |
RISC/miR NA pull down |
Grey et al., 2010 |
| C/EBPbeta p20 (LIP) |
KSHV | miR-K12-3 miR-K12-7 |
paracrine growth promotion? |
3 | informed / prediction |
Qin et al., 2010 |
| Gemin8 | KSHV | miR-K12-4-3p | ? | 1,2,3 | RISC pull down |
Dolken et al., 2010b |
| BACH1 Fos |
KSHV | miR-K12-11 | mimic cellular miR-155 |
1,2,3 1,2,3,5 |
microarray |
Skalsky et al., 2007 Gottwein et al., 2007 |
| PU.1 | MDV1 | miR-M4 | 1,2,3 | informed | Zhao et al., 2009 | |
| GPM6B RREB1 c-Myb MAP3K7I P2 PU.1 C/EBP |
MDV1 | miR-M4 | 1,2 | informed / prediction | Muylkens et al., 2010 | |
| Rbl2 | KSHV | miR-K12-4-5p | increased DNA methylation? |
1,2,3 | informed | Lu et al., 2010b |
| MAF | KSHV | miR-K12-1 miR-K12-6-5p miR-K12-11 |
trans- / de- differentiatio n |
1,2,3,4, 5 |
microarray / prediction |
Hansen et al., 2010 |
| IkappaB- alpha |
KSHV | miR-K12-1 | promote latency |
1,2,3,4, 6 |
informed | Lei et al., 2010 |
| NFIB | KSHV | miR-K12-3 | 1,2 | prediction | Lu et al., 2010a | |
| Dicer | EBV | miR-BART6 | 1,3 | prediction | Iizasa et al., 2010 |
*
numbers indicate that the following observations were made: Upon ectopic miRNA expression (1) luciferase reporters and/or target protein expression constructs are repressed and (2) Target site mutation in luciferase reporters and/or expression constructs leads to de-repression. (3) Endogenous protein levels are down regulated upon ectopic expression of the miRNA or upon (4) de novo infection with live virus. In infected cells, treatment with specific (5) miRNA inhibitors results in up-regulation of endogenous protein levels. (6) knockout virus mutants were investigated in vivo or in vitro.