TABLE 1.
Mortality Rates by Intake Characteristics: Adults in Addiction Treatment Programs, Chicago, IL, 1996–2007
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | Person-Years | No. of Deaths | Deaths per 1000 Person-Years | OR (95% CI) |
| Total | 1326 (100) | 11 934 | 131 | 11.0 | |
| Gender | |||||
| Men | 541 (41) | 4869 | 64 | 13.1 | 1.39 (0.99, 1.96) |
| Women (Ref) | 785 (59) | 7065 | 67 | 9.5 | 1.00 |
| Age, y | |||||
| >30 | 892 (67) | 8028 | 105 | 13.1 | 1.98* (1.29, 3.04) |
| 18–30 (Ref) | 434 (33) | 3906 | 26 | 6.7 | 1.00 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| African American | 1160 (87) | 10 440 | 103 | 9.9 | 0.52* (0.34, 0.80) |
| Other (Ref) | 166 (13) | 1494 | 28 | 18.7 | 1.00 |
| Alcohol/other drug use, y | |||||
| ≥20 | 344 (26) | 3096 | 44 | 10.7 | 1.64* (1.04, 2.58) |
| 10–19 | 561 (42) | 5049 | 54 | 10.7 | 1.23 (0.80, 1.90) |
| 0–9 (Ref) | 421 (32) | 3789 | 33 | 8.7 | 1.00 |
| Alcohol use only, y | |||||
| ≥20 | 636 (49) | 5724 | 54 | 9.4 | 0.97 (0.67, 1.54) |
| 10–19 | 364 (28) | 3726 | 30 | 8.1 | 1.85* (1.21, 2.83) |
| 0–9 (Ref) | 300 (23) | 2700 | 44 | 16.3 | 1.00 |
| Opioid use only, y | |||||
| ≥20 | 1058 (80) | 9522 | 86 | 10.1 | 1.68* (1.01, 2.80) |
| 10–19 | 162 (12) | 1458 | 21 | 14.4 | 3.31* (2.00, 5.48) |
| 0–9 (Ref) | 106 (8) | 954 | 24 | 25.2 | 1.00 |
| Years to first treatment episode | |||||
| ≥20 | 451 (34) | 4059 | 59 | 14.5 | 1.97* (1.14, 3.38) |
| 10–19 | 621 (47) | 5589 | 55 | 9.8 | 1.33 (0.77, 2.29) |
| 0–9 (Ref) | 254 (19) | 2286 | 17 | 7.4 | 1.00 |
| History of overdose or delirium tremens | |||||
| Yes | 160 (12) | 1440 | 25 | 17.4 | 1.73* (1.12, 2.69) |
| No (Ref) | 1166 (88) | 10 494 | 106 | 10.1 | 1.00 |
| Physical disability | |||||
| Yes | 216 (16) | 1944 | 38 | 19.5 | 2.12* (1.45, 3.10) |
| No (Ref) | 1110 (84) | 9990 | 93 | 9.3 | 1.00 |
| History of chronic illness | |||||
| Yes | 491 (37) | 4419 | 76 | 17.2 | 2.37* (1.67, 3.36) |
| No (Ref) | 835 (63) | 7515 | 55 | 7.3 | 1.00 |
| Hospitalization in prior 6 mo | |||||
| Yes | 193 (15) | 1737 | 40 | 23.0 | 2.62* (1.80, 3.81) |
| No (Ref) | 1133 (85) | 10 197 | 91 | 8.9 | 1.00 |
| Addiction Severity Index score | |||||
| Above median medical | 420 (32) | 3780 | 59 | 15.6 | 1.78* (1.26, 2.52) |
| Below median medical (Ref) | 906 (68) | 8154 | 72 | 8.8 | 1.00 |
| Living arrangement | |||||
| Living alone | 330 (25) | 2970 | 47 | 15.8 | 2.12* (1.29, 3.47) |
| Living with other adults | 642 (48) | 5778 | 60 | 10.4 | 1.38 (0.86, 2.22) |
| Living with any children (Ref) | 354 (27) | 3186 | 24 | 7.5 | 1.00 |
| Poverty status | |||||
| Below 50% of poverty linea | 228 (17) | 2052 | 46 | 22.4 | 2.64* (1.84, 3.80) |
| Above 50% of poverty linea (Ref) | 1098 (83) | 9882 | 85 | 8.6 | 1.00 |
| Any illegal acts for money in prior 6 mo | |||||
| Yes | 233 (18) | 2097 | 29 | 13.8 | 1.38 (0.89, 2.14) |
| No (Ref) | 1093 (82) | 9837 | 102 | 10.4 | 1.00 |
| History of violent offense | |||||
| Yes | 392 (30) | 3528 | 50 | 14.2 | 1.48* (1.04, 2.11) |
| No (Ref) | 934 (70) | 8406 | 81 | 9.6 | 1.00 |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
a
The poverty line is based on the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) poverty guidelines.51
*P < .05.