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. 2011 Mar;66(3):351–359. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02483.x

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Staphylococcus aureus extracellular vesicles (EV) enhance the in vitro secretion of immune and pro-inflammatory mediators by mouse dermal fibroblasts. (A) Scanning electron microscopic images that S. aureus secrete EV. Arrowheads identify S. aureus EV. (B) Levels of pro-inflammatory mediators IL-6, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and eotaxin in supernatants of dermal fibroblasts after stimulation with EV and >100- and < 100-kD soluble fractions of bacterial culture media. (C) Western blotting to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in EV and soluble (Sup) fractions of S. aureus culture media. (D) Levels of pro-inflammatory mediators from supernatants of dermal fibroblasts after stimulation with EV or SEB. Assays were performed in duplicate. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.