Table 1.
Multiple Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Two-Factor Model of BCQ and MBCQ Items
| Male Model | Female Model | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BCQ/MBCQ Item | λ (SE) | τ1 (SE) | τ2(SE) | τ3 (SE) | τ4 (SE) | λ (SE) | τ1 (SE) | τ2(SE) | τ3 (SE) | τ4 (SE) |
| BCQ 3: I have special clothes which I try on to make sure they still fit. | .799 (.025) | .316 (.041) | .925 (.044) | 1.289 (.056) | 1.999 (.080) | .657 (.024) | .316 (.041) | .925 (.044) | 1.289 (.056) | 1.999 (.080) |
| BCQ 5: I check my reflection in glass doors or car windows to see how I look. | .661 (.036) | −.915 (.061) | −.338 (.049) | .392 (.049) | 1.158 (.068) | .563 (.067) | −.915 (.061) | −.338 (.049) | .392 (.049) | 1.158 (.068) |
| BCQ 8: I look at others to see how my body size compares with their body size. | .754 (.035) | −.899 (.062) | −.137 (.053) | .602 (.057) | 1.578 (.086) | .654 (.052) | −.899 (.062) | −.137 (.053) | .602 (.057) | 1.578 (.086) |
| BCQ 11: I ask others about their weight/clothing size so I can compare my weight/size | .612 (.029) | .608 (.048) | 1.282 (.064) | 1.853 (.096) | 2.225 (.122) | .612 (.029) | .608 (.048) | 1.282 (.064) | 1.853 (.096) | 2.225 (.122) |
| BCQ 12: I check to see how my bottom looks in the mirror. | .451 (.042) | .184 (.053) | .943 (.061) | 1.898 (.099) | 3.305 (.228) | .711 (.034) | −.172 (.053) | .041 (.063) | 1.118 (.092) | 2.112 (.109) |
| BCQ 13: I practice sitting/standing in various positions to see how I look in each position. | .698 (.022) | .159 (.039) | .790 (.041) | 1.777 (.071) | 2.966 (.103) | .698 (.022) | .159 (.039) | .790 (.041) | 1.777 (.071) | 2.966 (.103) |
| BCQ 15: I check to see if my fat jiggles. | 0.511 (.034) | .604 (.049) | 1.253 (.070) | 1.820 (.101) | 2.277 (.120) | 0.511 (.034) | .604 (.049) | 1.253 (.070) | 1.820 (.101) | 2.277 (.120) |
| BCQ 17: I suck in my gut to see what it is like when my stomach is completely flat. | .560 (.032) | −.045 (.050) | .600 (.050) | 1.323 (.069) | 1.919 (.110) | .560 (.032) | −.045 (.050) | .600 (.050) | 1.323 (.069) | 1.919 (.110) |
| BCQ 20: I lie down on the floor to see if I can feel my bones touch the floor. | .701 (.037) | 1.834 (.048) | 2.758 (.042) | 2.998 (.071) | 3.542 (.97) | .977 (.033) | −.049 (.031) | .575 (.042) | 1.523 (.070) | 2.005 (.97) |
| BCQ 21: I pull my clothes as tightly as possible around myself to see how I look. | .648 (.020) | .155 (.037) | .805 (.044) | 1.767 (.071) | 2.285 (.110) | .648 (.020) | .155 (.037) | .805 (.044) | 1.767 (.071) | 2.285 (.110) |
| MBCQ 1: I check the hardness of my biceps to ensure I have not lost any muscle. | .741 (.018) | −.778 (.055) | −.203 (.049) | .719 (.056) | 1.637 (.088) | .666 (.020) | −.778 (.055) | −.203 (.049) | .719 (.056) | 1.637 (.088) |
| MBCQ 2: I look at my abdominal muscles (6-pack) in the mirror. | .664 (.071) | −.795 (.053) | −.280 (.047) | .502 (.051) | 1.186 (.068) | .464 (.050) | −.795 (.053) | −.280 (.047) | .502 (.051) | 1.186 (.068) |
| MBCQ 3: I flex my biceps when looking in the mirror to ensure symmetry of my muscles. | .871 (.013) | −.622 (.052) | .034 (.049) | .626 (.056) | 1.187 (.070) | .871 (.013) | −.622 (.052) | .034 (.049) | .626 (.056) | 1.187 (.070) |
| MBCQ 4: I compare the size of my muscles to others | .791 (.017) | −.885 (.057) | −.200 (.049) | .626 (.055) | 1.608 (.084) | .791 (.017) | −.885 (.057) | −.200 (.049) | .626 (.055) | 1.608 (.084) |
| MBCQ 5: I compare my overall leanness or muscle definition to others. | .803 (.015) | −1.190 (.061) | −.325 (.050) | .667 (.057) | 1.664 (.089) | .713 (.014) | −.260 (.055) | −.025 (.051) | 1.310 (.052) | 1.988 (.081) |
| MBCQ 11: I compare the leanness or definition of my chest muscles with others. | .707 (.022) | −.233 (.047) | .439 (.051) | 1.347 (.072) | 2.039 (.119) | .707 (.022) | −.233 (.047) | .439 (.051) | 1.347 (.072) | 2.039 (.119) |
| MBCQ 12: I compare the size of my chest muscles with others. | .901 (.010) | .190 (.038) | .777 (.045) | 1.430 (.051) | 2.094 (.101) | .787 (.011) | .782 (.034) | .977 (.041) | 1.880 (.052) | 3.004 (.91) |
| MBCQ 13: I compare the broadness of my shoulders with others. | .704 (.022) | −.260 (.052) | .292 (.051) | 1.109 (.063) | 1.969 (.114) | .704 (.022) | −.260 (.052) | .292 (.051) | 1.109 (.063) | 1.969 (.114) |
| MBCQ 15: I flex my muscles when looking in the mirror to find lines or striations in the muscle. | .685 (.026) | −.106 (.050) | .408 (.050) | 1.029 (.063) | 1.678 (.090) | 685 (.026) | −.106 (.050) | .408 (.050) | 1.029 (.063) | 1.678 (.090) |
Notes. CFA = confirmatory factor analysis. BCQ = Body Checking Questionnaire. MBCQ = Body Checking Questionnaire. BOLD = Item parameter was nonequivalent using chi-square difference test (p <.001) and significantly different between genders. The remaining items were equivalent and showed no evidence of differential item functioning. BCQ measure latent Female-Body Checking Severity and MBCQ items measure latent Male-Body Checking Severity. λ = the factor loading or strength of the relationship between the item and male or female body checking severity. τ = the probability threshold for endorsing the ordinal
category of the item response over the categories. For example τ1 = the logit parameter or log odds of endorsing “sometimes” over endorsing “rarely”.