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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Immunol. 2010 Nov 8;32(1):19–25. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2010.10.002

Figure 2. Schematics of possible signaling pathways involved in MDSC expansion.

Figure 2

Various cytokines produced by tumors or bone marrow stroma in response to chronic infections or inflammation activate several signal transduction pathways that result in activation of Stat3, Stat5. Stat3 regulates transcription of subunits of Nox2 that results in increased production of ROS, as well as up-regulation of a number of anti-apoptotic proteins and possibly CEBPβ that, in turn, up-regulate c-myc. All together these proteins contribute to proliferation and survival of immature myeloid cells and prevent their differentiation to mature cells. This manifests in expansion of cells with the phenotype of MDSC.