Table 3.

Associations between urine cadmium, modeled with and without urine creatinine adjustment, and kidney outcomes in 712 lead workers^a

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Kidney Outcome	β coeff (95 % CI)	Model r2	β coeff (95 % CI)	Model r2	β coeff (95 % CI)	Model r2
Serum Creatinine, mg/dl
Ln-Urine Cadmium μg/g creat.	−0.066 (−0.090, −0.042)#	0.34
Ln-Urine Cadmium μg/L			−0.066 (−0.091, −0.041)#	0.34	−0.018 (−0.032, −0.004)*	0.31
Ln-Urine Creatinine, mg/dl			0.065 (0.038, 0.093)#		NA
Calculated Creatinine Clearance, ml/min
Ln-Urine Cadmium μg/g creat.	6.3 (3.3, 9.2)#	0.50
Ln-Urine Cadmium μg/L			6.6 (3.6, 9.6)#	0.50	2.8 (1.1, 4.5)**	0.50
Ln-Urine Creatinine, mg/dl			−5.1 (−8.4, −1.8)**		NA
Est. Glomerular Filtration Rate, ml/min/1.73 m2
Ln-Urine Cadmium μg/g creat.	8.7 (5.4, 12.0)#	0.17
Ln-Urine Cadmium μg/L			8.7 (5.4, 12.1)#	0.17	2.3 (0.42, 4.2)*	0.15
Ln-Urine Creatinine, mg/dl			−8.6 (−12.3, −4.9)#		NA
Measured Creatinine Clearance, ml/min
Ln-Urine Cadmium μg/g creat.	−3.4 (−8.5, 1.7)	0.24
Ln-Urine Cadmium μg/L			−1.4 (−6.4, 3.6)	0.29	7.1 (4.3, 10.0)#	0.27
Ln-Urine Creatinine, mg/dl			11.5 (5.9, 17.1)#		NA
Ln-NAG, μmol/h/g creatinine
Ln-Urine Cadmium μg/g creat.	0.27 (0.17, 0.37)#	0.20
Ln-Urine Cadmium μg/L			0.26 (0.16, 0.36)#	0.20	0.03 (−0.03, 0.09)	0.16
Ln-Urine Creatinine, mg/dl			−0.31 (−0.42, −0.20)#		NA

Models also adjusted for age, gender, BMI, work status (current vs. former lead worker), smoking dose [cigarettes per day × years of smoking) in quartiles for current smokers and ex-smoker status, diastolic blood pressure; alcohol consumption (never, former, current); education (< middle school graduate, < high school graduate, high school graduate, > high school), annual income (≤ 10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and > 40 million won), enrollee status (phase I vs. II study entry), and blood and tibia lead.

^*p-value < 0.05

^**p-value < 0.01

^#p-value < 0.001