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Flow modulates intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) response to purinergic agonist (extracellular ATP) in endothelial cells. A small change in flow rate (Q) [and shear stress (τ), dyn/cm2] disturbs mass transport of ATP in boundary layer, thereby favoring ATP-P2y purinoceptor interaction, which induces a calcium response. Concentration of ATP in bulk flow was constant at 1 mM. Up arrows indicate step increase of flow rate; down arrows indicate cessation of flow. [From Dull et al. (83).]
