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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Mar 11.
Published in final edited form as: Physiol Rev. 1995 Jul;75(3):519–560. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1995.75.3.519

TABLE 2.

Endothelial responses to unidirectional shear stress: temporal groupings

Within 1 min
graphic file with name nihms187596t1.jpg
1 min to 1 h
G protein activation Signaling cascades
Transcription factor activation
    and initiation of gene
    regulation
MAP kinase signaling
NFκB activation
SSRE-dependent gene regulation:
    PDGF-B, c-jun
bFGF upregulation
Pinocytosis stimulated
1–6 h
SSRE-dependent gene regulation:
    eNOS, tPA, TGF-β, ICAM-1,
    c-fos, MCP-1		 Gene regulation and protein
    synthesis
Beginning of cell-wide
    adaptive responses
Stimulation of HSP 70
Downregulation of ET-1
Cytoskeletal rearrangement
Focal adhesion rearrangement
Transient rearrangement of Golgi
    and MTOC
>6 h
Reorganization of luminal surface Adaptive responses to new
    hemodynamic conditions
Cell alignment
Completion of cytoskeletal
    rearrangement
Increased mechanical stiffness
Decreased fibronectin synthesis
Changes of TM expression
Stimulation of histidine
    decarboxylase
Enhanced LDL metabolism
Induced MHC antigen expression

DAG, 1,2-diacylglycerol; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule 1; ET-1, endothelin-1; MAP; mitogen-activated protein; SSRE, shear stress response element; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; TM, thrombomodulin; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. Other definitions are as in Table 1.