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. 2011 Feb 15;108(10):3882–3887. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015098108

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

Behavioral responses of gregarious and solitary nymphs to dopamine biosynthesis, synaptic release, and receptor signaling. (A–C) Three consecutive injections of the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor AMPT (80 μg/μL) at 48-h intervals (A), one injection of the dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 (80 μg/μL) at 1-h intervals (B), or one injection of the Vat1 inhibitor reserpine (80 μg/μL) at 48-h intervals (C) were sufficient to induce solitarization of gregarious nymphs. (D and E) Direct injection of dopamine (80 μg/μL; D) or its agonist apomorphine (10 μg/μL; E) partially induced gregarization of the fourth-stadium solitary nymphs. (F) The fourth-stadium solitary nymphs injected with apomorphine (10 μg/μL) and exposed to 1 h of crowding showed a behavioral shift toward the gregarious phase. (G) The third-stadium solitary nymphs injected with apomorphine (10 μg/μL) and exposed to one stadium of crowding showed a behavioral shift toward the gregarious phase. Arrows indicate median P-sol values of the population. All statistical analyses were conducted with Mann–Whitney U test relative to control groups (P < 0.05).