Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Baseline 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D): Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot*
| 25(OH)D |
p Value | ||
| <20 ng/mL (n = 184) | ≥ 20 ng/mL (n = 184) | ||
| Age (y) | 76.6 ± 4.2 | 76.8 ± 4.3 | .61 |
| Female gender (%) | 69.0 | 67.4 | .74 |
| Race (%) | <.001 | ||
| Black | 29.4 | 8.2 | |
| White | 64.7 | 88.0 | |
| Other | 6.0 | 3.8 | |
| Field center (%) | .09 | ||
| Dallas, TX | 27.7 | 26.1 | |
| Palo Alto, CA | 19.6 | 19.6 | |
| Pittsburgh, PA | 32.6 | 23.9 | |
| Winston-Salem, NC | 20.1 | 30.4 | |
| High school education or less (%) | 34.2 | 32.2 | .61 |
| Smoking status (%) | .38 | ||
| Former smoker | 16.8 | 12.0 | |
| Current smoker | 3.3 | 2.7 | |
| Never smoker | 79.9 | 85.3 | |
| Current drinker (%) | 33.2 | 39.7 | .18 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.7 ± 6.1 | 28.7 ± 5.1 | <.001 |
| Moderate physical activity (kcal/wk) | 572.7 ± 892 | 674.7 ± 107 | .33 |
| Season (%) | .13 | ||
| Winter | 16.8 | 12.5 | |
| Spring | 3.2 | 8.2 | |
| Summer | 47.8 | 44.0 | |
| Fall | 32.1 | 35.3 | |
| Depression (CES-D score) | 7.1 ± 6.9 | 6.9 ± 6.5 | .79 |
| Cognition (MMSE score) | 27.1 ± 2.3 | 27.4 ± 2.1 | .17 |
| Prevalent disease (%) | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 18.5 | 18.5 | 1.00 |
| Diabetes | 23.9 | 18.5 | .20 |
| Hypertension | 72.3 | 65.2 | .16 |
| Arthritis | 19.0 | 25.0 | .17 |
| PTH (pg/mL) | 45.6 ± 26.1 | 33.7 ± 16.9 | <.001 |
| Randomized to physical activity arm (%) | 50.5 | 48.4 | .68 |
Notes: BMI = body mass index; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; PTH = parathyroid hormone.
*
Means ± SD or frequencies with chi-square or t test to evaluate the distribution.