Table 3.
Ocular Biometric Measures by Sex and Ethnic Group, Together with Adjusted Differences by Sex and Ethnic Groups Compared with White Europeans
| n | Axial Length (mm) | Front Surface Keratometry (mm) | Anterior Chamber Depth (mm) | Spherical Equivalent Refraction (D) | Astigmatism (D) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% CI)* | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Males | 561 | 23.47 (23.40 to 23.55) | 7.87 (7.85 to 7.90) | 3.47 (3.44 to 3.49) | 0.31 (0.16 to 0.47) | −0.58 (−0.63 to −0.53) |
| Females | 618 | 23.01 (22.93 to 23.08) | 7.77 (7.74 to 7.79) | 3.36 (3.34 to 3.38) | 0.33 (0.18 to 0.48) | −0.61 (−0.66 to −0.56) |
| Ethnic group | ||||||
| White Europeans | 268 | 23.01 (22.90 to 23.11) | 7.80 (7.77 to 7.84) | 3.42 (3.38 to 3.45) | 0.75 (0.56 to 0.93) | −0.52 (−0.59 to −0.46) |
| Black African Caribbean (All) | 280 | 23.25 (23.15 to 23.35) | 7.85 (7.82 to 7.88) | 3.39 (3.36 to 3.42) | 0.31 (0.13 to 0.48) | −0.68 (−0.74 to −0.62) |
| Black Caribbean | 103 | 23.27 (23.10 to 23.43) | 7.82 (7.77 to 7.88) | 3.49 (3.44 to 3.53) | 0.38 (0.11 to 0.64) | −0.62 (−0.71 to −0.53) |
| Black African | 154 | 23.26 (23.13 to 23.40) | 7.84 (7.79 to 7.88) | 3.43 (3.39 to 3.47) | 0.25 (0.04 to 0.47) | −0.59 (−0.66 to −0.51) |
| Black other | 23 | 23.11 (22.76 to 23.46) | 7.91 (7.79 to 8.02) | 3.42 (3.32 to 3.52) | 0.86 (0.32 to 1.40) | −0.73 (−0.91 to −0.54) |
| South Asian (All) | 368 | 23.43 (23.34 to 23.53) | 7.81 (7.78 to 7.84) | 3.42 (3.38 to 3.45) | −0.26 (−0.45 to −0.07) | −0.61 (−0.67 to −0.54) |
| Indian | 90 | 23.47 (23.29 to 23.65) | 7.77 (7.72 to 7.83) | 3.48 (3.43 to 3.54) | −0.35 (−0.65 to −0.05) | −0.65 (−0.75 to −0.55) |
| Pakistani | 137 | 23.43 (23.29 to 23.58) | 7.82 (7.77 to 7.86) | 3.49 (3.44 to 3.53) | −0.06 (−0.32 to 0.20) | −0.59 (−0.67 to −0.50) |
| Bangladeshi | 78 | 23.26 (23.07 to 23.45) | 7.80 (7.74 to 7.86) | 3.45 (3.39 to 3.50) | 0.22 (−0.16 to 0.61) | −0.43 (−0.56 to −0.30) |
| South Asian other | 33 | 23.77 (23.48 to 24.06) | 7.77 (7.68 to 7.87) | 3.47 (3.38 to 3.56) | −0.93 (−1.43 to −0.44) | −0.59 (−0.74 to −0.43) |
| Asian other | 81 | 23.29 (23.10 to 23.48) | 7.78 (7.72 to 7.84) | 3.44 (3.38 to 3.50) | 0.14 (−0.15 to 0.44) | −0.56 (−0.66 to −0.46) |
| Other | 212 | 23.16 (23.05 to 23.28) | 7.82 (7.79 to 7.86) | 3.42 (3.38 to 3.45) | 0.48 (0.29 to 0.68) | −0.58 (−0.65 to −0.51) |
| Adjusted differences (95% CI)† | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Females vs males | −0.48 (−0.58 to −0.39) | −0.11 (−0.14 to −0.08) | −0.11 (−0.13 to −0.08) | 0.02 (−0.14 to 0.17) | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) | |
| Ethnic group | ||||||
| Black African Caribbean (all) | 0.30 (0.16 to 0.44) | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.10) | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | −0.45 (−0.68 to −0.22) | −0.15 (−0.22 to −0.08) | |
| Black Caribbean | 0.29 (0.10 to 0.48) | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.10) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.08) | −0.47 (−0.77 to −0.17) | −0.16 (−0.25 to −0.06) | |
| Black African | 0.32 (0.15 to 0.48) | 0.06 (0.00 to 0.11) | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.01) | −0.50 (−0.77 to −0.23) | −0.13 (−0.22 to −0.05) | |
| Black other | 0.17 (−0.18 to 0.53) | 0.12 (0.01 to 0.24) | −0.03 (−0.13 to 0.07) | −0.04 (−0.59 to 0.52) | −0.25 (−0.43 to −0.07) | |
| South Asian (all) | 0.44 (0.30 to 0.57) | 0.01 (−0.04 to 0.05) | 0.00 (−0.04 to 0.04) | −1.00 (−1.23 to −0.76) | −0.08 (−0.15 to 0.00) | |
| Indian | 0.45 (0.25 to 0.64) | −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.06) | −1.15 (−1.49 to −0.82) | −0.11 (−0.22 to 0.00) | |
| Pakistani | 0.43 (0.26 to 0.60) | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.07) | −0.85 (−1.15 to −0.55) | −0.11 (−0.21 to −0.02) | |
| Bangladeshi | 0.31 (0.10 to 0.52) | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.09) | −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.03) | −0.63 (−1.03 to −0.22) | 0.05 (−0.08 to 0.19) | |
| South Asian other | 0.76 (0.46 to 1.06) | −0.01 (−0.11 to 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.10 to 0.08) | −1.78 (−2.28 to −1.28) | −0.09 (−0.25 to 0.07) | |
| Asian other | 0.30 (0.10 to 0.51) | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.05) | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.09) | −0.60 (−0.93 to −0.27) | −0.03 (−0.14 to 0.07) | |
| Other | 0.17 (0.02 to 0.32) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.07) | 0.00 (−0.04 to 0.05) | −0.26 (−0.51 to −0.02) | −0.06 (−0.13 to 0.02) |
Refractive outcome measures are limited to 1029 children who had autorefraction in both eyes (496 boys and 533 girls). Three children did not have anterior chamber depth measurements.
*
The 95% CIs account for the clustering of children within school.
†
Multilevel linear regression adjusted for age, sex, and ethnic group with random effects for school and child.