Figure 2.

PKC activation is necessary for tube formation of endothelial cells. PAE cells expressing VEGFR-2 (100 ng/mL) were subjected to tube formation assay in the absence or presence of VEGF, as a positive control (A). The same cells were also treated with different concentrations of TPA, a potent PKC activator (B). The same cells were stimulated with VEGF in combination with different concentrations of GFX, a potent inhibitor of PKC (C). The same cells were incubated with VEGF plus GÖ6976, another potent PKC inhibitor (D). PAE cells were also treated with a peptide-derived PKC inhibitor, tube formation was assessed under a light microscope, and photographs were taken with a digital camera (E).