Bacterial (A) and fungal (B) pentose utilization pathways. Enzyme designations are: XI, xylose isomerase; XK, xylulose kinase; AI, arabinose isomerase; RI, ribulose kinase; XR, xylose reductase; LAD, L-arabitol dehydrogenase; LXR, L-xylulose reductase; XDH, xylitol dehydrogenase.