Table 3.

Secondary outcomes (day 3 assessments)

	No Pill	Unblinded Echinacea	Blinded Placebo	Blinded Echinacea	Between Blinded Group Differences
Biomarker Data	n=164	n=171	n=168	n=170
Median change IL-8 (95% CI)	30 (2–89)	70 (18–134)	39 (12–106)	58 (18–105)	19.0 (−75.2, 72.0)
Median change neutrophils (95%CI)	1 (−1–4)	1 (0–4)	1 (−1–4)	2 (0–5)	1.0 (−4.0, 3.0)
Self-report data (mean)	n=174	n=182	n=179	n=184
Physical health SF-8 (95%CI)	48.0 (47.1–49.0)	47.7 (46.8–48.6)	46.9 (45.9–48.0)	47.3 (46.2–48.4)	0.40 (−1.13, 1.93)
Mental health SF-8 (95%CI)	43.8 (42.3–45.3)	43.7 (42.2–45.2)	42.5 (41.0–43.9)	44.4 (43.1–45.7)	1.90 (−0.06, 3.86)
Feeling thermometer (95%CI)	60.3 (57.9–62.9)	62.5 (59.7–65.3)	62.5 (59.5–65.5)	63.6 (60.8–66.4)	1.10 (−2.88, 5.08)
Stress (PSS-4) (95%CI)	4.3 (3.9–4.8)	4.5 (4.1–4.9)	4.6 (4.1–5.0)	4.5 (4.0–5.0)	0.10 (−0.76, 0.56)
Stress (VAS) (95%CI)	38.3 (34.3–42.3)	40.0 (36.2–43.8)	38.0 (34.5–41.5)	36.6 (32.9–40.3)	1.40 (−6.33, 3.53)
Optimism (LOT-6) (95%CI)	22.7 (22.1–23.4)	22.9 (22.4–23.6)	22.1 (21.5–22.7)	23.1 (22.5–23.7)	1.00 (0.16, 1.84)
Social support (Ryff PR) (95%CI)	45.1 (44.1–46.3)	45.6 (44.6–46.8)	44.5 (43.1–45.6)	45.4 (44.2–46.4)	0.90 (−0.65, 2.45)

Values for IL-8 and neutrophil count are median change from Day 1 intake to Day 3

Neutrophil counts are number of cells per high power field

IL-8 units are pg/mL