Figure 7. Females with a history of maltreatment display aberrant maternal behavior toward their own offspring.

(A) Qualitative assessment of the percent occurrence of pup-directed behaviors in females with a history of infant maltreatment indicates that females display considerable abusive behaviors toward their first offspring. (B) In sharp contrast, females with a history of normal maternal care display predominately normal maternal care behaviors toward their first offspring. n=4–5/group, derived from 3 mothers. Statistical analysis of the maternal behaviors (abusive versus normal care) is provided with Supplementary Figure 3.