Table 3.
Multivariable-Adjusted Relationships of Plasma Phospholipid Trans-Palmitoleic Acid with Metabolic Risk Factors in 3,736 US Adults.
| Quintiles of Trans-Palmitoleic Acid | P for Trend |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | II | III | IV | V | ||
| % total fatty acids, median | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.25 | |
| Adiposity | ||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.7 | 27.0 | 26.8 | 26.9 | 26.2 | 0.058 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 97.7 | 98.4 | 97.2 | 97.4 | 96.0* | 0.009 |
| Blood Lipids | ||||||
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | 126 | 128 | 127 | 126 | 129 | 0.63 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | 53.0 | 52.0 | 52.1 | 53.7 | 54.0 | 0.043 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 147 | 134† | 128‡ | 120‡ | 119‡ | <0.001 |
| Total/HDL-cholesterol ratio | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.1† | 4.1† | <0.001 |
| Inflammation | ||||||
| C-reactive protein, mg/l | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 0.050 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dl | 316 | 327† | 329† | 332‡ | 328† | 0.006 |
| Glucose-Insulin Homeostasis | ||||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 104 | 105 | 103 | 103 | 103 | 0.103 |
| Fasting insulin, mU/l | 11.3 | 11.0 | 10.7 | 10.2† | 9.8‡ | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR, units | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.8* | 2.7† | 2.5‡ | <0.001 |
| Blood Pressure | ||||||
| Systolic, mm Hg | 137 | 136 | 136 | 136 | 136 | 0.48 |
| Diastolic, mm Hg | 71 | 71 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 0.98 |
Values are adjusted means (transformed to approximate normality for analyses and re-transformed as necessary), adjusted for age (years), sex, race (white/nonwhite), education (<high school, high school, some college, college graduate), enrollment site (4 sites), smoking (never, former, current), diabetes (yes/no), coronary heart disease (yes/no), physical activity (kcal/wk), alcohol use (6 categories), and consumption of carbohydrate (% energy), protein (% energy), red meat (servings/week), whole-fat dairy foods (6 categories), low-fat dairy foods (5 categories), and total energy (kcal/d). Results for blood lipid, inflammatory, glucose-insulin, and blood pressure measures are also adjusted for body mass index (kg/m2) and waist circumference (cm).
P<0.05,
P<0.01,
P<0.001 compared with quintile 1.
To convert LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol from mg/dl to mmol/l, divide by 38.67. To convert triglycerides from mg/dl to mmol/l, divide by 88.57. To convert glucose from mg/dl to mmol/l, divide by 18.0.
HOMA-IR=homeostasis-assessment-model of insulin resistance.