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LPS increases expression of IL6, IL-1β, TNF-α and TLR4 in astrocytes. mRNA levels of IL6 (A), IL-1β (B), TNF-α (C) and TLR4 (D) in astrocytes treated for 5 h with LPS (500 ng/ml) or vehicle only. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and are expressed as percentage of control (vehicle) values. **,***, Significant differences (**P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001) in comparison to the values of cultures treated with vehicle.
