Table 1.
Drug Use and Psychosocial Characteristics of Rural Drug Users by Overdose Status (N=400)
| 1 or More ODs n=112 | No OD n=288 | Witness 1 or More OD n=233 | Not Witness 1 or more OD n=167 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Male Gender | 68 | 60.7 | 167 | 58.0 | 148 | 63.5 | 87 | 52.1 |
| Age, median (interquartile range [IQR]) | 33 (31, 35) | 30.5 (30, 31) | 31 (30, 32) | 31 (30, 33) | ||||
| White | 100 | 89.3 | 275 | 95.5 | 215 | 92.3 | 160 | 95.8 |
| Education, median (IQR) | 12 (11, 12) | 12 (12, 12) | 12 (12, 12) | 12 (11, 12) | ||||
| Ever in Drug Treatment | 72 | 64.3 | 148 | 51.4 | 140 | 60.1 | 80 | 47.9 |
| Injection Drug Use (IDU) | ||||||||
| Current (past 30 days) | 61 | 54.5 | 134 | 46.5 | 115 | 49.4 | 80 | 47.9 |
| Lifetime | 89 | 79.5 | 219 | 76.0 | 183 | 78.5 | 125 | 74.8 |
| Years injecting, median (IQR) | 7 (6, 10) | 5 (4, 6) | 5 (4, 7) | 5 (4, 7) | ||||
| Lifetime Injection non-Rx Drugs | 73 | 65.2 | 151 | 52.4 | 133 | 57.1 | 91 | 54.5 |
| Lifetime Injection Rx Opioids | 81 | 72.3 | 194 | 67.4 | 165 | 70.8 | 110 | 65.9 |
| DSM-IV Disorders | ||||||||
| Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) | 34 | 30.4 | 65 | 22.6 | 58 | 24.9 | 41 | 24.5 |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | 43 | 38.4 | 70 | 24.3 | 65 | 27.9 | 48 | 28.7 |
| Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | 23 | 20.5 | 33 | 11.5 | 39 | 16.7 | 17 | 10.2 |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) | 45 | 40.2 | 81 | 28.1 | 87 | 37.3 | 39 | 23.3 |
| Recent (Past 30 Day) Substance Use | ||||||||
| Alcohol | 75 | 67.0 | 141 | 49.0 | 138 | 29.2 | 78 | 46.7 |
| Heroin | 7 | 6.2 | 13 | 4.5 | 17 | 7.3 | 3 | 1.8 |
| Illicit Methadone | 71 | 63.4 | 172 | 59.7 | 147 | 63.1 | 96 | 57.5 |
| OxyContin | 74 | 66.1 | 199 | 69.1 | 163 | 70.0 | 110 | 65.9 |
| Other oxycodone | 80 | 71.4 | 199 | 69.1 | 171 | 73.4 | 108 | 64.7 |
| Hydrocodone | 98 | 87.5 | 227 | 79.1 | 201 | 86.3 | 124 | 74.7 |
| Benzodiazepines | 95 | 84.8 | 241 | 83.7 | 195 | 93.7 | 141 | 84.4 |
| Cocaine | 37 | 33.0 | 59 | 20.5 | 57 | 24.5 | 39 | 23.3 |
| Methamphetamine | 5 | 4.5 | 6 | 2.1 | 8 | 3.4 | 3 | 1.8 |
| Marijuana | 81 | 72.3 | 167 | 58.0 | 160 | 68.7 | 88 | 52.7 |
| Egocentric Social Network Factors | ||||||||
| # Support Members, median (IQR) | 2 (1.25, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1.5, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | ||||
| # Drug Members, median (IQR) | 4 (3, 9) | 4 (2, 9) | 5 (3, 9) | 3 (2, 7.5) | ||||
| # Sex Members, median (IQR) | 2 (1, 5.75) | 2 (1, 4) | 2 (1, 5.5) | 2 (1, 4) | ||||
| Drug Network Ties, mean (SE) | 1.53 (0.29) | 1.75 (0.23) | 1.73 (0.26) | 1.64 (0.27) | ||||
| Drug Network Density, mean (SE) | 0.10 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.01) | 0.08 (0.10) | |||||
| Sociometric Social Network Factors | ||||||||
| In-degree Centrality, mean (SE) | 1.41 (0.14) | 1.52 (0.10) | 1.55 (0.12) | 1.41 (0.11) | ||||
| Out-degree Centrality, mean (SE) | 1.57 (0.12) | 1.46 (0.08) | 1.63 (0.09) | 0.129 (0.09) | ||||