Table II.
Bivariate Analyses of the Relation Among Psychosocial Measures, Covariates, and Asthma Outcomes at 1 year of age*
| Variable | Asthma symptoms | Oral Steroids | Hospitalizations for asthma | Asthma Diagnosis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95%CI] | p value |
OR [95%CI] | p value |
OR [95%CI] | p value |
OR [95%CI] | p value |
|
| Psychosocial Measures | ||||||||
| Paternal PTSD# | 1.10 [1.05, 1.16] | <.001 | 1.06 [1.01, 1.12] | 0.03 | 1.06 [0.99, 1.12] | 0.1 | 1.06 [1.00, 1.12] | 0.03 |
|
Paternal major depressive episode |
4.10 [0.87, 19.42] | 0.08 | 3.29 [1.11, 9.70] | 0.03 | 5.10 [1.84, 14.11] | 0.002 | 3.21 [1.08, 9.46] | 0.03 |
| Paternal anti-social behavior | 1.08 [1.04, 1.14] | <.001 | 1.05 [.98, 1.12] | 0.18 | 1.07 [0.98, 1.16] | 0.13 | 1.02 [0.96, 1.08] | 0.52 |
| Maternal depressive symptoms | 1.07 [0.98, 1.17] | 0.13 | 1.04 [0.93, 1.16] | 0.51 | 1.21 [1.06, 1.38] | 0.004 | 1.02[0.91, 1.14] | 0.68 |
| Maternal depression (≥median) | 1.25 (0.845, 1.86] | 0.26 | 0.88 [0.52, 1.47] | 0.61 | 1.39 [0.72, 2.70] | 0.33 | 0.88 [0.53, 1.46] | 0.62 |
| Parental depression | 1.59 [1.08, 2.33] | 0.02 | 1.16 [0.70, 1.92] | 0.56 | 1.79 [0.96, 3.33] | 0.07 | 1.24 [0.76, 2.03] | 0.4 |
| Covariates | ||||||||
| Environmental tobacco smoke | 1.28 [.77, 2.12] | 0.34 | 1.55 [.86, 2.80] | 0.14 | 2.42 [1.19, 4.92] | 0.01 | 1.45 [.80, 2.6] | 0.21 |
| Parental history of asthma | 1.42 [.94, 2.14] | 0.09 | 2.97 [1.76, 5.03] | <.001 | 1.93 [.99, 3.75] | 0.050 | 2.62 [1.60, 4.36] | <.001 |
| Female (vs. male) | 1.02 [.76, 1.35] | 0.92 | 0.84 [.58, 1.21] | 0.34 | 0.48 [.29, .81] | 0.006 | 0.83 [.58, 1.18] | 0.31 |
| Median income† | 0.70 [.46, 1.08] | 0.11 | 1.05 [.61, 1.81] | 0.86 | 1.36 [.66, 2.77] | 0.4 | 1.06 [.62, 1.8] | 0.83 |
| Public assistance‡ | 0.71 [.48, 1.06] | 0.09 | 1.80 [1.06, 3.05] | 0.03 | 2.48 [1.21, 5.05] | 0.01 | 1.90 [1.10, 3.2] | 0.02 |
| Parental Education§ | 1.02 [.55, 1.88] | 0.96 | 0.69 [.34, 1.41] | 0.31 | 0.63 [0.26, 1.55] | 0.32 | 0.58 [.3, 1.14] | 0.12 |
| Gestational Age | 1.01 [0.95, 1.08] | 0.69 | 1.05 [0.97, 1.13] | 0.26 | 0.97 [0.87, 1.08] | 0.63 | 1.05 [0.97, 1.14] | 0.22 |
*
all analyses adjusted for the correlation between twins
#
PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder
†
reference group: household income >$18,000
‡
reference group: families not receiving public assistance
§
reference group: ≥ high school education