Table 4.

Parameter estimates for associations between observed disorders and latent variables in the latent variable model (n = 21,229)¹

	Time t disorders predicting time t latent variables		Time t+1 latent variables predicting time t+1 first onset of disorders
	Est¹	(SE)	Est²	(SE)

I. Internalizing
Agoraphobia	.48^*	(.09)	1.00^*	(.09)
Bipolar disorder	.18^*	(.08)	.85^*	(.05)
Generalized anxiety disorder	.02	(.07)	.72^*	(.05)
Major depressive episode	.29^*	(.06)	.68^*	(.04)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder	.62^*	(.07)	.87^*	(.06)
Panic disorder	−.02	(.10)	.82^*	(.05)
Post-traumatic stress disorder	.21^*	(.08)	.68^*	(.05)
Separation anxiety disorder	.44^*	(.06)	.74^*	(.05)
Social phobia	.46^*	(.05)	.97^*	(.05)
Specific phobia	1.00^*	(.09)	.86^*	(.10)
II. Externalizing
Attention-deficit disorder	.77^*	(.24)	1.00^*	(.31)
Hyperactivity disorder	1.00^*	(.23)	.95^*	(.16)
Conduct disorder I	.43^*	(.18)	.74^*	(.16)
Conduct disorder II	.57^*	(.23)	.78^*	(.16)
Intermittent explosive disorder	.77^*	(.15)	.52^*	(.08)
Oppositional-defiant disorder	.97^*	(.18)	.69^*	(.15)
Alcohol use disorder	−.53	(.35)	.44^*	(.08)
Drug use disorder	.51	(.31)	.38^*	(.13)

Significant at the .05 level, two-sided test

Based on an iteratively estimated pooled discrete-time (person-year) survival model with 17 dummy variables for prior history of each other disorder predicting subsequent first onset of each of the 18 disorders assuming the existence of latent internalizing and externalizing disorders that explain the direct effects of the observed predictor disorders on the outcome disorders. The predictor disorders and latent variables were treated as time-varying covariates. Controls were included for respondent age at interview, person-year, sex, and country. See the text for a discussion of estimation methods.