. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Fam Psychol. 2010 Dec;24(6):721–730. doi: 10.1037/a0021732

Table 2.

Standardized Coefficients for Direct Paths in the Models of Personality, Age at Parenthood, and SES as Predictors of Parenting (Standard Errors in Parentheses)

Direct Paths from Figure 1	Positive Emotionality (PEM)	Negative Emotionality (NEM)	Constraint (CON)
G1 SES to G2 Personality (PEM, NEM, or CON)	.29(.12)^*	−.27(.13)^*	.26(.11)^*
G1 SES to G2 SES	.54(.13)^**	.57(.14)^**	.58(.14)^**
G2 Personality to G2 Age at Parenthood	.36(.07)^**	−.39(.07)^**	.37(.07)^**
G2 Personality to G2 SES	.29(.11)^*	−.17(.12)	.05(.11)
G2 Age at Parenthood to G2 SES	.58(.08)^**	.64(.08)^**	.70(.07)^**
G2 Age at Parenthood to G2 Harsh Parenting	−.16(.11)	−.08(.12)	−.07(.13)
G2 Age at Parenthood to G2 Positive Parenting	.27(.11)^*	.23(.12) ^a	.20(.13)
G2 SES to G2 Harsh Parenting	−.35(.11)^**	−.44(.12)^**	−.45(.13)^**
G2 SES to G2 Positive Parenting	.35(.11)^**	.40(.13)^**	.44(.13)^**

p < .10.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.