TABLE 1.
Measures of child adiposity at age 3 y by maternal characteristics in 1250 mother-child pairs in Project Viva1
| Maternal characteristics | n | Children with obesity (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) at age 3 y | Child age 3 y SS + TR2 |
| n (%) | mm | ||
| Overall | 1250 | 116 (9) | 16.7 ± 4.3 |
| Age at enrollment | |||
| 14–24 y | 95 | 9 (9) | 16.4 ± 4.4 |
| 25–34 y | 771 | 68 (9) | 16.8 ± 4.3 |
| ≥35 y | 384 | 39 (10) | 16.7 ± 4.3 |
| P | — | 0.78 | 0.75 |
| Race-ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 909 | 78 (9) | 16.9 ± 4.1 |
| Black | 151 | 19 (13) | 15.9 ± 4.8 |
| Hispanic | 74 | 13 (18) | 17.3 ± 5.9 |
| Other race | 113 | 6 (5) | 16.2 ± 4.2 |
| P | — | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Previous live births | |||
| 0 | 593 | 42 (7) | 16.7 ± 4.0 |
| ≥1 | 657 | 74 (11) | 16.8 ± 4.6 |
| P | — | 0.01 | 0.66 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married or cohabiting | 1163 | 106 (9) | 16.7 ± 4.2 |
| Single, divorced, or widowed | 83 | 10 (12) | 17.1 ± 5.6 |
| P | — | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| Education | |||
| Less than college | 364 | 43 (12) | 16.8 ± 4.9 |
| College graduate | 883 | 73 (8) | 16.7 ± 4.0 |
| P | — | 0.05 | 0.75 |
| Prepregnancy BMI | |||
| <25 kg/m2 | 807 | 45 (6) | 16.5 ± 4.0 |
| 25 to <30 kg/m2 | 271 | 33 (12) | 16.8 ± 4.4 |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 168 | 37 (22) | 17.6 ± 5.5 |
| P | — | <0.0001 | 0.008 |
| Height | |||
| <1.6 m | 226 | 22 (10) | 16.8 ± 4.1 |
| 1.6 to <1.65 m | 341 | 29 (9) | 16.7 ± 4.5 |
| 1.65 to <1.7 m | 309 | 32 (10) | 16.7 ± 4.1 |
| ≥1.7 m | 374 | 33 (9) | 16.7 ± 4.4 |
| P | — | 0.87 | 0.98 |
| Gestational weight gain per 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines | |||
| Inadequate | 143 | 13 (9) | 16.4 ± 5.0 |
| Adequate | 366 | 24 (7) | 16.7 ± 4.5 |
| Excessive | 725 | 77 (11) | 16.8 ± 4.1 |
| P | — | 0.09 | 0.60 |
| Tobacco use | |||
| Never smoked | 832 | 67 (8) | 16.4 ± 3.9 |
| Quit before pregnancy | 253 | 25 (10) | 17.2 ± 4.5 |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 132 | 21 (16) | 17.9 ± 5.6 |
| P | — | 0.01 | 0.0001 |
| Duration of any breastfeeding | |||
| ≤2 mo | 298 | 37 (13) | 17.5 ± 4.8 |
| >2 to <6 mo | 327 | 31 (10) | 16.7 ± 4.2 |
| ≥6 to <11 mo | 235 | 26 (11) | 16.9 ± 4.3 |
| ≥11 mo | 327 | 17 (5) | 16.0 ± 3.7 |
| P | — | 0.01 | 0.0004 |
1
SS + TR, sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses. P values were derived from a chi-square test for obesity and by linear regression for skinfold thickness.
2
Values are means ± SDs.