Table II.
Characteristics of women by dietary iron intake during the first trimester reported in a 24-h dietary recall (n= 1257).
| Dietary iron intake |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| >14.8 mg/daya (n= 257) | ≤14.8 mg/day (n= 1000) | P-value* | |
| Dietary iron intake (mg/day), mean (95% CI) | 19.6 (15.0, 31.7) | 9.4 (4.5, 13.8) | – |
| Age of mother (years), mean (95% CI) | 31 (30, 31) | 30 (29, 30) | 0.004 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg), mean (95% CI) | 66 (64, 68) | 68 (67, 68) | 0.1 |
| Total energy intake (kcal), mean (95% CI) | 2777 (2657, 2897) | 1958 (1924, 1991) | <0.0001 |
| (MJ), mean (95% CI) | 11.6 (11.1, 12.1) | 8.2 (8.1, 8.3) | |
| Active smoker at 12 weeks (%, 95% CI) | 8 (5, 12) | 20 (17, 23) | <0.0001 |
| IMD most deprived quartile (%, 95% CI) | 25 (20, 31) | 32 (29, 35) | 0.03 |
| Caucasian (%, 95% CI) | 91 (87, 95) | 94 (92, 95) | 0.2 |
| Higher education (%, 95% CI) | 52 (49, 58) | 35 (32, 39) | <0.0001 |
| Vegetarian (ovo-lacto) (%, 95% CI) | 13 (10, 18) | 8 (6, 10) | 0.004 |
| Primigravida (%, 95% CI) | 47 (41, 54) | 46 (43, 49) | 0.7 |
| History of long-term illness (%, 95% CI) | 9 (6, 13) | 14 (12, 16) | 0.04 |
| Average alcohol consumption >0.5 units/day throughout pregnancy (%, 95% CI) | 30 (24, 36) | 26 (23, 29) | 0.2 |
| Past history of miscarriage (%, 95% CI) | 20 (16, 26) | 25 (22, 27) | 0.08 |
| Report taking any form of daily supplements in the first trimester questionnaire (%, 95% CI) | 87 (82, 91) | 81 (78, 83) | 0.01 |
| Report taking daily iron-containing supplements in the first trimester questionnaire (%, 95% CI) | 29 (23, 35) | 23 (20, 25) | 0.04 |
IMD, index of multiple deprivation.
*P-value using two-sample t-test for continuous variables, χ2-test for categorical variables.
aReference nutrient intake (RNI) for iron for women aged 19–50 years in the UK.