Table 1.
Characteristics of the cohort (overall and sub-study population)
| Pregnant women (all) | Pregnant women (HIV RNA available within 30 days before delivery) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | N | Italians | Non-Italians | p | N | Italians | Non-Italians | p |
| Age (mean years, SD) | 154 | 33.7 (6.2) | 29.8 (4.9) | <0.0001 | 93 | 32.8 (6) | 30 (4.4) | 0.004 |
| Risk factor for HIV infection (N, %) | 154 | 93 | ||||||
| Heterosexual intercourse | 39 (54.2) | 69 (84.1) | 22 (56.4) | 46 (85.2) | ||||
| IVDU | 29 (40.2) | 2 (2.4) | 13 (33.3) | 0 | ||||
| Mother-to-child | 2 (2.8) | 0 | 2 (5.1) | 0 | ||||
| Parenteral | 0 | 3 (3.7) | 0 | 3 (5.6) | ||||
| Unknown | 2 (2.8) | 8 (9.8) | <0.0001 | 2 (5.1) | 5 (9.3) | <0.0001 | ||
| Calendar year at HIV diagnosis (N, %) | 144 | 86 | ||||||
| ≤1990 | 16 (23.9) | 2 (2.6) | 9 (25.7) | 1 (2) | ||||
| 1991-1995 | 19 (28.4) | 1 (1.3) | 10 (28.6) | 1 (2) | ||||
| 1996-2000 | 7 (10.4) | 15 (19.5) | 3 (8.6) | 7 (13.7) | ||||
| 2001-2005 | 20 (29.8) | 42 (54.5) | 10 (28.6) | 28 (54.9) | ||||
| ≥2006 | 5 (7.5) | 17 (22.1) | <0.0001 | 3 (8.6) | 14 (27.4) | <0.0001 | ||
| Calendar year at pregnancy (N, %) | 154 | 93 | ||||||
| 1999 | 0 | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 2000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 2001 | 0 | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 2002 | 1 (1.4) | 2 (2.4) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (3.7) | ||||
| 2003 | 9 (12.5) | 6 (7.3) | 2 (5.1) | 2 (3.7) | ||||
| 2004 | 12 (16.7) | 12 (14.6) | 8 (20.5) | 5 (9.3) | ||||
| 2005 | 15 (20.9) | 14 (17.1) | 7 (18) | 11 (20.4) | ||||
| 2006 | 14 (19.4) | 18 (22) | 8 (20.5) | 14 (26.9) | ||||
| 2007 | 15 (20.8) | 21 (25.6) | 8 (20.5) | 15 (27.8) | ||||
| 2008 (January-July) | 6 (8.3) | 7 (8.6) | 0.865 | 5 (12.9) | 5 (9.3) | 0.764 | ||
| Previous pregnancies (mean, SD) | 121 | 0.9 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.7) | 0.078 | 72 | 0.8 (0.7) | 1.5 (1.5) | 0.102 |
| HIV diagnosis related to this pregnancy (N, %) | 144 | 86 | ||||||
| Previous | 61 (91.0) | 47 (61.0) | 32 (91.4) | 29 (56.9) | ||||
| During pregnancy | 6 (9.0) | 30 (39.0) | <0.0001 | 3 (8.6) | 22 (43.1) | 0.001 | ||
| Pregnancy outcome (N, %) | 154 | 93 | ||||||
| Delivery | 55 (76.4) | 70 (85.4) | 39 (100) | 54 (100) | ||||
| Voluntary abortion | 9 (12.5) | 4 (4.9) | ||||||
| Spontaneous abortion | 5 (6.9) | 7 (8.5) | ||||||
| Therapeutic abortion | 1 (1.4) | 0 | ||||||
| Unknown | 2 (2.8) | 1 (1.2) | 0.445 | N.A. | ||||
| CD4+/mm3 at first contact (mean, SD) | 154 | 545.6 (281.5) | 417.5 (256.8) | 0.003 | 93 | 495.1 (273.1) | 398.7 (232.9) | 0.070 |
| CD4+/mm3 at first contact (N, %) | 154 | 93 | ||||||
| <200 | 2 (2.8) | 12 (14.7) | 2 (5.1) | 9 (16.7) | ||||
| 200-349 | 20 (27.8) | 32 (39) | 13 (33.3) | 21 (38.9) | ||||
| 350-499 | 18 (25) | 16 (19.5) | 10 (25.7) | 11 (20.4) | ||||
| ≥500 | 32 (44.4) | 22 (26.8) | 0.010 | 14 (35.9) | 13 (24) | 0.250 | ||
| CD4+/mm3 at pregnancy (mean, SD) | 151 | 485.6 (247.3) | 429.6 (252.9) | 0.171 | 93 | 488 (222.1) | 411 (217.2) | 0.095 |
| CD4+/mm3 at pregnancy (N, %) | 151 | 93 | ||||||
| <200 | 6 (8.3) | 12 (15.2) | 2 (5.1) | 9 (17) | ||||
| 200-349 | 19 (26.4) | 27 (34.2) | 12 (30.8) | 18 (33.3) | ||||
| 350-499 | 16 (22.2) | 13 (16.4) | 6 (15.4) | 9 (16.7) | ||||
| ≥500 | 31 (43.1) | 27 (34.2) | 0.300 | 19 (48.7) | 18 (33.3) | 0.265 | ||
| Timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation (N, %) | 125 | 93 | ||||||
| Before pregnancy | 41 (74.5) | 30 (42.8) | 28 (71.8) | 23 (42.6) | ||||
| 1st trimester | 4 (7.3) | 7 (10) | 3 (7.7) | 7 (13) | ||||
| 2nd trimester | 8 (14.5) | 19 (27.1) | 7(18) | 12 (22.2) | ||||
| 3rd trimester | 1 (1.8) | 5 (7.1) | 1 (2.6) | 4 (7.4) | ||||
| No therapy | 1 (1.8) | 9 (12.9) | 0.006 | 0 | 8 (14.8) | 0.026 | ||
| Type of antiretroviral therapy at delivery; N (%) | 125 | 93 | ||||||
| 2 NRTIs | 2 (3.6) | 4 (5.7) | 1 (2.6) | 3 (5.6) | ||||
| 3 NRTIs | 1 (1.8) | 0 | 1 (2.6) | 1 (1.6) | ||||
| 2 NRTIs + NNRTI | 18 (32.7) | 23 (32.9) | 12 (30.8) | 15 (27.8) | ||||
| 2 NRTIs + PI | 30 (54.5) | 27 (38.6) | 24 (61.5) | 24 (44.4) | ||||
| Other regimens | 4 (7.2) | 3 (4.2) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (1.6) | ||||
| No cART | 0 | 13 (8.6) | 0.065 | 0 | 10 (18.5) | 0.170 | ||
| Type of antiretroviral therapy at delivery; N (%) | 125 | 93 | ||||||
| No cART | 0 | 13 (18.6) | 0 | 10 (18.5) | ||||
| 2 drugs | 3 (5.4) | 6 (8.6) | 2 (5.1) | 4 (7.4) | ||||
| ≥3 drugs | 52 (94.6) | 51 (72.8) | 37 (94.9) | 40 (74.1) | 0.014 | |||
N: the number of data available for the characteristics considered. IDVU: intravenous drug users; SD: standard deviation; NRTIs: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTIs: non nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PIs: protease inhibitors; cART: combination antiretroviral therapy; N.A.: not applicable.