Table 3.

Predefined patient characteristics and clinical findings possibly related to treatment outcome.

Patient characteristics
	- Age
	- Gender
	- Pain intensity
	- Duration of symptoms
	- Predominant symptom (back pain compared to leg pain)
	- Walking distance
	- Patient's preference for treatment
Clinical findings
	- One versus multiple level stenosis
	- Extent of stenosis (diameter/surface area MRI)
	- Localization stenosis (lateral recess or central canal)
	- Concomitant spondylolisthesis
	- Neurological impairment (muscle weakness, sensory loss)