Table 1.

Measures used, internal consistency, and examples

Construct	Measure	Items	α*	Example item
Unit-level workload	Staffing/resource adequacy scale68†	4	.86	To what extent is there enough staff to get the work done?
Job-level workload (General)	Job demands scale51	3	.66	To what extent does your job require a great deal of work to be done?
Job-level workload(Specific)	Monitoring demands and production responsibility subscales69	8‡	.82	To what extent does your work need your undivided attention? (monitoring demands) To what extent could a lapse of attention cause an adverse outcome to a patient? (production responsibility)
Task-level workload (Internal)	Medication administration concentration and effort53 54	2	.70	To what extent does the overall medication administration process require concentration, starting with when medications are retrieved and ending with administration and documentation?
Task-level workload (External)	Medication administration interruptions, divided attention, and rushing53 54	3	.67	To what extent are there interruptions during the overall medication administration process, starting with when medications are retrieved and ending with administration and documentation?
Job dissatisfaction	Job satisfaction/dissatisfaction scale70	3	.83	In general, to what extent do you not like your job?
Burnout	Emotional exhaustion subscale of burnout inventory71	4	.86	To what extent do you feel emotionally drained from your work?
Medication error	Perceived likelihood of medication error	1	-	In actual practice, how likely is an error to occur through the overall medication administration process, starting with when medications are retrieved and ending with administration and documentation?

^*Cronbach’s alpha

^†This scale was reverse-scored, such that lower staffing/resource adequacy scores reflected higher unit-level workload

^‡A combination of two 4-item subscales