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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Arch Ophthalmol. 2010 Dec;128(12):1568–1575. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.298

Table 3.

Age adjusted relationships of various characteristics at baseline to the 15-year cumulative incidence of any retinopathy, retinal microaneurysms only, retinal hemorrhages only and severe retinopathy in the Beaver Dam Eye Study*

Characteristics Any Retinopathy Microaneurysms Only Retinal Hemorrhages Only Severe Retinopathy
HR 95% CI HR 95% CI HR 95% CI HR 95% CI
Hypertension
 Treated, controlled vs normal 0.93 0.64–1.34 0.92 0.56–1.51 0.97 0.52–1.80 1.11 0.34–3.58
 Untreated, uncontrolled vs normal 1.27 0.96–1.69 1.45 1.02–2.08† 0.77 0.43–1.39 2.12 0.86–5.22
 Treated, uncontrolled vs normal 1.92 1.40–2.64† 1.75 1.13–2.71† 2.47 1.50–4.07† 1.00 0.27–3.73
Systolic BP (per 10 mmHg) 1.10 1.04–1.17† 1.12 1.04–1.21† 1.04 0.93–1.15 1.26 1.05–1.51†
Diastolic BP (per 10 mmHg) 1.09 0.98–1.21 1.11 0.96–1.28 1.07 0.88–1.29 1.15 0.79–1.68
Pulse pressure (per 10 mmHg) 1.13 1.05–1.22† 1.15 1.04–1.27† 1.03 0.89–1.18 1.35 1.07–1.69†
Pack years smoked (in smokers, per 10 packyears) 0.94 0.88–1.01 0.96 0.88–1.04 0.93 0.82–1.04 0.99 0.75–1.31
Serum total cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL) 1.00 0.98–1.03 1.01 0.98–1.05 0.99 0.95–1.04 1.01 0.92–1.10
Serum HDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL) 0.98 0.92–1.04 0.95 0.88–1.04 0.98 0.88–1.10 1.18 0.98–1.43
Body mass index (per 5 kg/m2) 1.10 0.99–1.22 1.06 0.92–1.21 1.24 1.05–1.47† 0.99 0.66–1.46
Chronic kidney disease (present vs absent) 1.49 1.10–2.02† 1.48 0.98–2.23† 1.37 0.81–2.34 1.40 0.53–3.70
White blood cell count (per k/μL)‡ 1.02 0.91–1.14 1.00 0.86–1.15 1.01 0.83–1.22 0.96 0.65–1.42
Hematocrit (per 1%) 1.02 0.99–1.05 1.03 0.99–1.07 1.01 0.96–1.06 1.05 0.94–1.17
Serum C-reactive protein (per mg/L)‡ 0.99 0.89–1.11 0.94 0.81–1.09 0.99 0.81–1.21 1.52 1.04–2.21†
Serum isoprostane (per pg/mL)‡ 1.02 0.86–1.19 0.94 0.75–1.18 1.08 0.83–1.41 0.92 0.49–1.71
Serum cystatin C (per mg/L) ‡ 1.22 1.06–1.40† 1.16 0.96–1.39 1.27 0.99–1.62 1.61 1.02–2.53†
History of cardiovascular disease (present vs absent) 0.70 0.45–1.08 0.69 0.38–1.26 0.79 0.39–1.60 0.53 0.12–2.28
Sex (male) 1.00 0.80–1.24 1.19 0.90–1.58 0.80 0.54–1.18 0.67 0.29–1.55
CRAE (per 10 μm) 1.11 1.02–1.20† 1.13 1.02–1.26† 1.03 0.90–1.19 1.16 0.88–1.55
CRVE (per 10 μm) 1.01 0.96–1.07 1.02 0.95–1.09 0.95 0.86–1.04 1.11 0.93–1.33
Glycosylated hemoglobin (per %) 0.97 0.81–1.16 0.93 0.73–1.17 0.92 0.67–1.26 1.04 0.55–1.96

Abbreviations: HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; BP = blood pressure; HDL = high density lipoprotein; CRAE = central retinal arteriole equivalent; CRVE = central retinal venule equivalent.

*

Severe retinopathy defined as a Diabetic Retinopathy Study severity Level 31 or greater.

†

P-value significant at 0.05 level

‡

Variable entered per SD on the log scale