Table II.
Associations * of depressive symptoms, chronic diseases, and ADL limitations with trajectories of total cognition score and recall score
| Contemporaneous Association with Total Score † |
Contemporaneous Association with Recall Score † |
|
|---|---|---|
| Depressive Symptoms Only Model | ||
| Baseline depressive symptoms ¶ | ||
| Medium (vs. low) | − 0.38 (0.15) # | −0.26 (0.11) # |
| High (vs. low) | − 1.09 (0.18) †† | −0.56 (0.13) †† |
| Incident depressive symptoms | − 0.09 (0.03) ** | −0.08 (0.02) †† |
| Diseases Only Model | ||
| Heart disease at baseline | 0.12 (0.13) | 0.01 (0.10) |
| Diabetes at baseline | −0.04 (0.19) | −0.05 (0.14) |
| Stroke at baseline | −1.23 (0.26) †† | −0.67 (0.17) †† |
| Incident heart disease | −0.29 (0.15) | −0.14 (0.11) |
| Incident diabetes | −0.15 (0.21) | −0.22 (0.17) |
| Incident stroke | −0.88 (0.20) †† | −0.42 (0.15) ** |
| Disabilities Only Model | ||
| ADL limitations at baseline ‡‡ | −0.60 (0.16) †† | −0.32 (0.11) ** |
| IADL limitations at baseline ‡‡ | −1.47 (0.17) †† | −0.68 (0.12) †† |
| Incident ADL limitations §§ | −0.20 (0.05) †† | −0.11 (0.03) ** |
| Incident IADL limitations §§ | −0.54 (0.08) †† | −0.22 (0.05) †† |
| Depressive Symptoms and Diseases Model | ||
| Baseline depressive symptoms ¶ | ||
| Medium (vs. low) | − 0.37 (0.15) # | −0.25 (0.11) # |
| High (vs. low) | − 1.06 (0.18) †† | −0.53 (0.13) †† |
| Heart disease at baseline | 0.19 (0.13) | 0.05 (0.10) |
| Diabetes at baseline | 0.00 (0.19) | −0.03 (0.14) |
| Stroke at baseline | − 1.15 (0.26) †† | −0.63 (0.17) ** |
| Incident depressive symptoms | − 0.08 (0.03) ** | −0.07 (0.02) †† |
| Incident heart disease | −0.26 (0.15) | −0.12 (0.11) |
| Incident diabetes | −0.13 (0.21) | −0.21 (0.17) |
| Incident stroke | − 0.83 (0.20) †† | −0.38 (0.15) # |
| Full Model | ||
| Baseline depressive symptoms ¶ | ||
| Medium (vs. low) | − 0.20 (0.15) | −0.17 (0.11) |
| High (vs. low) | − 0.74 (0.18) †† | −0.38 (0.13) ** |
| Heart disease at baseline | 0.25 (0.13) | 0.08 (0.10) |
| Diabetes at baseline | 0.14 (0.19) | 0.03 (0.14) |
| Stroke at baseline | − 0.80 (0.26) ** | −0.47 (0.18) # |
| ADL limitations at baseline ‡‡ | − 0.45 (0.16) ** | −0.22 (0.12) |
| IADL limitations at baseline ‡‡ | − 1.38 (0.17) †† | −0.62 (0.12) †† |
| Incident depressive symptoms | − 0.04 (0.03) | −0.06 (0.02) ** |
| Incident heart disease | − 0.19 (0.14) | −0.09 (0.11) |
| Incident diabetes | − 0.09 (0.20) | −0.19 (0.17) |
| Incident stroke | − 0.59 (0.20) ** | −0.28 (0.15) |
| Incident ADL limitations §§ | − 0.16 (0.05) ** | −0.07 (0.03) # |
| Incident IADL limitations §§ | − 0.52 (0.07) †† | −0.20 (0.05) †† |
All associations are reported as point estimate (standard error), and are adjusted for age, gender, marital status at baseline and change in marital status, education, age × education interaction, annual household income at baseline and change in annual income, household wealth at baseline and change in wealth, length of participation, and imputation of partially completed cognition tests, as described in the text. Only contemporaneous associations are tabulated. None of the associations with slope and practice effect were statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
For baseline predictors, the association is with baseline cognition score; for change/incident variables, the association is with cognition score at the time the change took place.
For comparison, mean practice effect was +0.87(95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.71, 1.04)
For comparison, mean slope was −0.35 per year (95% CI: −0.38, −0.32)
Low: CES-D<2, Medium 2<=CES-D<4, High; CES-D>=4, based on 8-item CES-D scale (range, 0–8).
p < 0.05;
p < 0.01;
p < .001
One or more limitation vs. none (ADL: Activities of Daily Living; IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living)
Per new limitation