Table 3.
Interventions That Significantly Reduce IsoP Levels in Human Clinical Studies
| Population | Duration of Treatment | Major Findings | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Statins | |||
| •HC patients (n=34) | 1 month simvastatin q.s. ↓TC >20% | Urine IsoP (RIA) ↓34% and giving 600 mg/d vitamin E had no added effect. | [58] |
| •HC patients (n=25) | 6 months pravastatin 10 or 20 mg/d | Plasma IsoP (ELISA) ↓47% and also ↓LV mass . | [27] |
| •HC patients (n=34) | 6 months simvastatin 40 mg ±Vit. E | Plasma IsoP (ELISA) ↓~90 pg/ml (no Vit E) and ↓~140 pg/ml (with 400 IU/dVit E). | [28] |
| •CHD patients (n=64) | 2 months atorvastatin 40 mg/d | Plasma IsoP (ELISA) ↓52% overall. Also ↓LDL C and hsCRP. | [59] |
| •Dialysis pts (n=28) | 4 months simvastatin 5mg/d or10mg/d | Plasma IsoP (ELISA) ↓52% (LDL <200) and ↓40% (LDL>200). Also ↓oxLDL and ↑%FMD. |
[60] |
| Smoking Cessation | |||
| •Smokers (n=8) | 2 weeks cessation | Plasma IsoP (GC/MS) ↓38% | [19] |
| •Smokers (n=6) | 3 weeks cessation | Urine IsoP (GC/MS) ↓33% | [21] |
| •Smokers (n=36) | 3 weeks cessation | Urine IsoP (ELISA) ↓~32% overall*. Also ↓plasma and serum IsoP. | [61, 62] |
| AT 1 Receptor Antagonists | |||
| •HC patients (n=17) | 6 weeks candesartan 16 mg/d | Serum IsoP (ELISA) ↓13%. Also ↓MCP-1, sICAM-1, hsCRP. | [63] |
| Caloric Restriction/Weight Loss | |||
| •Obese women (n=11) | 12 weeks calorie intake 1200 kcal/d | Urine IsoP (RIA) ↓32% . Included only if weight ↓≥5 kg. Also ↓hsCRP and 11-d-TxB2. | [64] |
| •Obese men (n=11) | 3 weeks high fiber diet and exercise | Serum IsoP (ELISA) ↓~30% * Body weight ↓3.7%. Also ↓BP and TC | [65] |
| •Obese women (n=71) | 6 months hypocaloric diet± orlistat | Plasma IsoP (ELISA) ↓72% (no orlistat) and ↓79% (with orlistat). Also ↓hsCRP, LDL, TG | [66] |
| •Overweight asthmatic patients (n=10) | 8 weeks alternating day 80% CR | Serum IsoP↓79%. Body weight ↓8%. Also ↓protein carbonyl and nitrotyrosine. | [67] |
| •Obese pts (n=30) | 8 weeks 30% CR | Urine IsoP (ELISA)↓ 35%. Body weight ↓7%. Also ↓MDA, TC, Urate. | [68] |
| •NAFLD pts (n=7) | subtotal gastrectomy | Serum IsoP (GC/MS) ↓~38% *. Also BMI ↓21% and changes in PUFAs. | [69] |
| Vitamin E | |||
| •HC pts (n=5/dose) | 16 weeks vitamin E (0- 3200 IU/d) | Plasma IsoP (GC/MS) ↓35% (1600 IU/d) and ↓49% (3200 IU/d). Trend for ↓IsoP at 800 IU/d. No change at 100-400 IU/d Vitamin E. |
[86] |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CR, caloric restriction; FMD, Flow Mediated Dilation; HC, hypercholesterolemia; TC, total cholesterol; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
*
estimated from graph in figure.