Table 3.
Relative Risk of Incident Gout According to Intake of Orange Juice and Other Fruit Juices
| Variable | Frequency of Intake | P Value for Trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orange Juice (small glass, 6oz) | <1/mo | 1/mo-1/wk | 2-4/wk | 5-6/wk | 1/day | ≥2/day | |
| No. of cases | 71 | 145 | 277 | 171 | 103 | 11 | – |
| Person-years | 213647 | 346219 | 506760 | 268532 | 236894 | 18099 | – |
| Age-BMI-alcohol adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.33 (1.00, 1.77) | 1.39 (1.07, 1.81) | 1.59 (1.20, 2.10) | 1.48 (1.09, 2.01) | 2.52 (1.33, 4.77) | 0.008 |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)** | 1.0 (referent) | 1.27 (0.95, 1.69) | 1.30 (0.99, 1.70) | 1.50 (1.12, 2.00) | 1.41 (1.03, 1.93) | 2.42 (1.27, 4.63) | 0.02 |
| Other Fruit Juices (small glass, 6oz) | <1/mo | 1/mo-1/wk | 2-4/wk | 5-6/wk | 1/day | ≥2/day | |
| No. of cases | 35 | 119 | 360 | 153 | 100 | 11 | – |
| Person-years | 120428 | 294862 | 678629 | 280509 | 183424 | 32299 | – |
| Age-BMI-alcohol adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.30 (0.89, 1.89) | 1.49 (1.05, 2.11) | 1.47 (1.01, 2.13) | 1.60 (1.09, 2.37) | 1.08 (0.54, 2.13) | 0.21 |
| Multivariate RR(95% CI)** | 1.0 (referent) | 1.28 (0.88, 1.88) | 1.50 (1.05, 2.14) | 1.54 (1.06, 2.26) | 1.67 (1.12, 2.49) | 1.14 (0.57, 2.27) | 0.11 |
RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index.
Age-BMI-alcohol adjusted models were also adjusted for total energy.
*Fruit juice includes orange juice, apple juice, grape fruit juice, tomato juice and other fruit juices.
**
Adjusted for age, total energy intake, body mass index, diuretic use, use of hormonal replacement, history of hypertension, and alcohol, total meats, seafood, dairy products, total vitamin C, coffee, and the beverages presented in this table and table 2.