Table 4.
Relative Risk (RR) of Incident Gout According to Fructose Intake
| Variable | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P Value for Trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Free Fructose (% of energy) | <3.7 | 3.71-4.6 | 4.61-5.45 | 5.46-6.6 | >6.6 | ||
| Cases | 132 | 181 | 150 | 160 | 155 | ||
| Person-years | 294841 | 320317 | 327349 | 329706 | 317937 | ||
| Age-BMI-alcohol adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.13 (0.90, 1.42) | 0.91 (0.72, 1.16) | 0.99 (0.78, 1.26) | 1.14 (0.90, 1.45) | 0.52 | |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)* | 1.0 (referent) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.58) | 1.07 (0.83, 1.37) | 1.21 (0.93, 1.56) | 1.43 (1.09, 1.88) | 0.02 | |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)** | 1.0 (referent) | 1.31 (1.03, 1.66) | 1.15 (0.89, 1.50) | 1.34 (1.01, 1.76) | 1.62 (1.20, 2.19) | 0.004 | |
| Total Fructose† (% of energy) | <7.5 | 7.51-8.97 | 8.97-10.2 | 10.3-11.9 | >11.9 | ||
| Cases | 154 | 172 | 149 | 163 | 140 | ||
| Person-years | 300229 | 320963 | 326022 | 327559 | 3153653 | ||
| Age-BMI-alcohol adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.27) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.10) | 0.98 (0.78, 1.24) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.25) | 0.80 | |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)* | 1.0 (referent) | 1.14 (0.91, 1.44) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.31) | 1.18 (0.91, 1.53) | 1.18 (0.89, 1.56) | 0.27 | |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)** | 1.0 (referent) | 1.23 (0.97, 1.57) | 1.17 (0.90, 1.54) | 1.41 (1.06, 1.88) | 1.44 (1.04, 2.00) | 0.03 | |
RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index
Age-BMI-alcohol adjusted models were also adjusted for total energy.
Adjusted for age, total energy intake, body mass index, menopause status, use of hormonal replacement, diuretic use, history of hypertension, intake of alcohol, total vitamin C, caffeine, and percent of energy from non-fructose carbohydrate and total protein in order to estimate effects of substituting fructose for the equivalent energy from fat.
Adjusted for age, total energy intake, body mass index, menopause status, use of hormonal replacement, diuretic use, history of hypertension, intake of alcohol and total vitamin C, caffeine, and percentage of energy from total carbohydrate to estimate effects of fructose compared to equivalent energy from other carbohydrates.
Free fructose + sucrose/2