Table 5.
Multivariate Relative Risk of Incident Gout According to Sugar-Sweetened Soda Intake and Quintiles of Free Fructose Intake in Subgroups by Body Mass Index, Alcohol Intake, and Low-Fat Dairy Intake.
| Variable | No of Cases | Sugar-Sweetened Soda Intake, RR (95% CI)* |
Trend | Interaction | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1/mo | 1/mo-1/wk | 2-4/wk | 5-6/wk | ≥1/day | ||||
| BMI | 0.20 | |||||||
| <30 kg/m2 | 396 | 1.0 (referent) | 0.98 (0.77, 1.26) | 0.93 (0.70, 1.24) | 1.13 (0.67, 1.90) | 1.45 (0.86, 2.44) | 0.10 | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 329 | 2.14 (1.71, 2.67) | 2.61 (1.99, 3.44) | 2.50 (1.84, 3.39) | 3.36 (2.02, 5.59) | 6.44 (4.17, 9.94) | <0.001 | |
| Alcohol use | 0.59 | |||||||
| No use | 319 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.40) | 1.14 (0.84, 1.55) | 1.51 (0.93, 2.47) | 2.12 (1.33, 3.39) | 0.04 | |
| Use | 406 | 1.34 (1.08, 1.67) | 1.42 (1.09, 1.85) | 1.16 (0.85, 1.59) | 1.38 (0.79, 2.41) | 2.62 (1.61, 4.28) | <0.001 | |
| Low-fat dairy intake | 0.83 | |||||||
| <1.5 servings/day | 290 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.01 (0.75, 1.37) | 0.92 (0.66, 1.28) | 1.17 (0.70, 1.95) | 1.95 (1.25, 3.03) | <0.001 | |
| ≥1.5 servings/day | 435 | 0.68 (0.55, 0.86) | 0.78 (0.59, 1.02) | 0.78 (0.57, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.61, 1.76) | 1.63 (0.95, 2.77) | 0.03 | |
| Free Fructose Intake, RR (95% CI)** |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | ||||
| BMI | 0.14 | |||||||
| <30 kg/m2 | 396 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.25 (0.90, 1.75) | 1.31 (0.93, 1.84) | 1.17 (0.81, 1.69) | 1.50 (1.02, 2.20) | 0.03 | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 329 | 2.53 (1.77, 3.62) | 3.00 (2.12, 4.25) | 2.31 (1.56, 3.40) | 3.59 (2.47, 5.22) | 4.49 (3.01, 6.69) | 0.04 | |
| Alcohol use | 0.59 | |||||||
| No use | 319 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.29 (0.86, 1.94) | 1.00 (0.65, 1.54) | 1.39 (0.92, 2.11) | 1.65 (1.07, 2.53) | 0.09 | |
| Use | 406 | 2.14 (1.36, 3.37) | 2.52 (1.60, 3.99) | 2.58 (1.61, 4.14) | 2.55 (1.56, 4.17) | 3.42 (2.05, 5.72) | 0.04 | |
| Low-fat dairy intake | 35 | 119 | – | 360 | 153 | 0.91 | ||
| <1.5 servings/day | 290 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.19 (0.84, 1.69) | 1.05 (0.71, 1.55) | 1.12 (0.75, 1.68) | 1.59 (1.07, 2.38) | 0.02 | |
| ≥1.5 servings/day | 435 | 0.71 (0.50, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.27) | 0.83 (0.58, 1.19) | 0.98 (0.68, 1.41) | 1.12 (0.75, 1.67) | 0.06 | |
RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index.
*
Relative risks were adjusted for the same covariates included in the multivariate models of Table 2, except for subgroup variables themselves.
**
Relative risks were adjusted for the same covariates included in the multivariate models of Table 3, except for subgroup variables themselves.